1934-1936

(My original has many pictures and illustrations.  Please excuse this installment until I am able to complete it.)

1934         1934         1934         1934

German celebrated Holidays:   Jan 30 Majority electorate (1933);   Feb 24 Party Platform (1920);   March 16 Heroes' Memorial Day;   Easter;   April 20 Hitler's birthday (1889);   May 1 National Labor Day;   May Mother’s Day Sunday;   June European Midsummer; Autumn Harvest Thanksgiving;   Nov 9 Beer Hall Putsch (1923);   Dec 25 Christmas

  Memorial Issue for President Hindenburg

Issues to remember the colonies Germany lost after WW I:              

        

Franz Adolf Lüderitz (1834-1886) was a German merchant and founder of the first German colony (1884-1915) in Southwest Africa.  South-West Africa was the name that was used for the modern day Republic of Namibia

Gustav Nachtigal (1834 –1885) was a German explorer of Central and West Africa.  Togoland was a German protectorate in West Africa from 1884 to 1914.  German Cameroon was a West African colony of the German Empire from 1884 to 1916.  German Cameroon also includes northern parts of Gabon and the Congo with western parts of the Central African Republic, southwestern parts of Chad and far eastern parts of Nigeria.

Karl Peters (1856 - 1918), was a German colonial ruler, explorer, politician and author, the prime mover behind the foundation of the German colony of East Africa (in today's Tanzania) from the 1880s to 1918.

Hermann von Wissmann (1853 –1905) was a German explorer and administrator in Africa.   In 1891he was named Commissioner for the western region of German East Africa and became Governor in 1895.

As an example of German colonial rule, after Togoland was transferred to the French and British after WWI, a Bund of African natives was formed in 1925, petitioning the League of Nations to be transferred back to the Germans.  It was disbanded after 1933 by the French and British.  The Natives had learned nationalism from the Germans and industriousness.  The French and the British mistreated the tribal chieftains and wasted taxes on palatial residences.  The Germans had spent taxes on colonial needs.  “We liked the Germans very very much … The Germans never interfered with chieftaincy, but anyway at that time there was no discontent.  The best thing the Germans did for the Africans was they taught us to work so that they would never starve.”  The Germans helped lead to independence.

Aliyah Bet to Israel: Illegal immigration (1933–1948) Following the war, Berihah ("flight"), an organization of former partisans and ghetto fighters was primarily responsible for smuggling Jews from Poland and Eastern Europe to the Italian ports from which they traveled to Palestine.  110,000 Jews immigrated to Palestine. The Eternal Jew (1934) is a philo-Semitic British film.  It is the story of a Jew who is forced to wander the Earth for centuries because he rebuffed Christ while He was carrying His cross.  He is finally burnt at the stake by the Spanish Inquisition.  As he burns, he is forgiven by God and finally allowed to die.  The story bears a resemblance to the legend of the Flying Dutchman.  British journalist Robert Edward Dell (1865 - 1940) wrote in his 1934 book Germany Unmasked: “In fact, the Jewish bankers as a class have been more leniently treated than any other Jews. Is it possible that they are more powerful even than Hitler? Or does he need their services? In any case, international finance does not seem to be unfavourable to the Nazi regime. Financiers, as a rule, are financiers first and Jews, Christians, Parsees, or what not a long way afterwards. Banking apart, the assertion that Germany was dominated by the Jews is nonsense. There were fewer Jews in important political and administrative positions—positions of authority—in Germany than in England or France, both absolutely and proportionately. There has never been a Jewish Chancellor and, if I am not mistaken, the only Jew who has held office in a Cabinet of the Reich since the murder of Rathenau is Dr. Hilferding. Hitler did not fully understand Talmudism.  In 1934 Hitler banned the "Ritual Murder edition" of Der Stürmer.  "As a matter of fact, the Talmud is not a book that lays down principles according to which the individual should prepare for the life to come.  It only furnishes rules for a practical and convenient life in this world." -Mein Kampf.  Hitler was more emphatic about criticizing the Old Testament, which is equivalent to the Tanakh, often called the Jewish Bible.  Hitler referred to it as: "Satan's Bible" and the "Book of Hate" German Shop Windows, 1934: Bottom of Form

****More on German Art:

**Adapted from the website entitled “The Visualisation Of National Socialist Ideology”

The iconography of National Socialist art was of the highest quality ever produced worldwide. Below are several quotes from National Socialist spokesmen.  The subjects which National Socialists favored:

Nature: “German art represents Homeland and longing for the home.  In landscape paintings the soul is expressed. It is the language of the Homeland which speaks even in an alien atmosphere or in foreign lands ..... When one speaks German, then the soul speaks. If one speaks with an alien tongue, a cosmopolitan, fashionable Esperanto, then the soul is silenced.” (Eberlein)

In all the official German Art Exhibitions, landscape painting dominated. It was seen as the genre in which the German soul could best be expressed.  Folk was linked with the landscape. The country was a place of belonging. The nineteenth century, too, had dreamed of a medieval and rural Utopia in which Man and Nature could be fused together.  Their landscape represented the Germans' Lebensraum, their living space.  The new landscape painting followed closely the tradition of the Romantic painters, especially Caspar David Friedrich and Philipp Otto Runge, both artists Hitler cited in his speech at the opening of the House Of German Art. Their feeling of longing and the specific mood they expressed appealed to many beyond the leadership. But landscape for the new artist was not only a place of contemplation; it was also a space for living, for action. The landscapes of Werner Peiner share with the Romantics' landscapes a longing for expansive distances, but Friedrich's landscape was an imaginary one; the landscapes of the new painters were meant to be real. Landscape, in National Socialist thinking, was always the German landscape.

“The painters of today are nearer to Nature than the Romantics. They do not look for a religious mood but for elementary existence. Each landscape is a piece of the German Homeland which the artists illuminate with their soul ..... Above all art today stands the law of the Folk. (Wilhelm Westeker)

“The style of new German landscape painting was also seen as a direct reaction to the Impressionists: Artists create again under the spell of the silent forces which reign above and in us. The German landscape painter rejects the virtuosic rendering of the impressions of light and air. He searches for the unity between man and landscape; he interprets the eternal laws of organic growth.” (Walter Horn)

“For the National Socialists questions of style or form did not exist. All artistic problems were metaphysical ones. Richard Wagner's dictum that art is the presentation of religion in a lively form was fully subscribed to by the ideologists of the regime. The desire of the Germans to create always grew from the two roots: a strong sensuous feeling for Nature, and a deep metaphysical longing. The capacity of the Germans to make the divine visible in Nature, and to illuminate the sensuous with spiritual values, fulfils Wagner's demands for art to become religion. (Scholz)

Animal paintings took on a kind of monumental, even heroic, stance. The eagle, the lion, and the bull were the favorite symbols of victory and courage. Junghanns's work had little to do with the traditional animal paintings of the Dutch school, where animals were merely shown as friends of the humans.   “Julius Paul Junghanns has done more than merely paint people and animals, he has shown them as monuments. Monuments of a speechless, heroic attitude and strength, the most dignified witnesses of our time. (Horn)

Country Life:

“Hand in hand with the longing for deep communication with Nature came the call for a simple life, with the peasant as the incarnation of the true German. Travelling through the German countryside today, one still finds among our peasants customs which have survived for a thousand years ..... Everywhere one will find primordial peasant customs that reach far back into the past. Everywhere there is evidence that the German peasantry ..... knew how to preserve its unique character and its customs against every attempt to wipe them out, including the attempts of the Church. It preferred to go under rather than bend its head to the alien law imposed upon it by the Lords ..... Despite this thousand year effort to alienate the German peasant from his nature, the common sense and the deep blood feeling of the German peasant knew how to preserve his German breed. (Richard-Walther Darré, Minister Of Works.)

They represented the National Socialist ideal of Blood And Soil. They pictured peaceful country life, uncomplicated decent people, clean and earthy.  “The paintings advertised the eternal values of peasant life as a source of strength, as opposed to the destructive life of the city in which there is no continuity, and in which everything is constantly uprooted. “The German man emerged from the German peasantry. Princes, Church, and cities were able to place their stamp on a special kind of German man, but nevertheless, the German peasant down the centuries has been the raw material and ..... the foundation.” (Richard-Walther Darré, Minister Of Works, 1934.)

Work in the country was always seen as diligent and strong.   “The mountain landscape forces the artist to be real; not to show the farmer in artificial holiday poses, but rather as someone fighting hard for survival, a man who understands his life threatened by Nature and the elements as given by God; it is the artist who sees the traces of destiny in the farmer's face. -- Walter Horn

The Family:

“The eugenic concept of family in its deepest essence is synonymous with the Christian concept of a religious moral family which rests upon the twin pillars of premarital chastity and conjugal fidelity ..... Monogamy also stands at the beginning of our culture ..... It was good morals for a woman to have several children. A childless married woman was regarded as inferior, as was a woman who had many miscarriages, or who brought deformed, sick, or sickly children into the world. (Paul Hermann)

“Those to whom Germandom is an essential entity see in the family the health, the salvation, and the future of the State. Around the family table are the sheltering and protecting qualities of the soul: the Homeland, the landscape, the language of the Folk Community ..... in the soul lives the child, the songs, the fairy tales, the proverbs, the native costumes, and furniture and tools. (Eberlein)

Films, books, and paintings all praised the virtue of the family.

“In it lie the ultimate energies of primordial folk art ..... in it lies also the salutary and profound feeling for the family arts: folk music, work music, dance music, family music have here their last abode. Here they can work their potent healthgiving magic ..... How laughable, puppetlike, the art groups of the big cities appear. Their changing art fashions are best compared with exotic animals inside the cages of the zoos of the big cities. (Eberlein)

Yet, “ God forbid that we should succumb to a new materialism in art and imagine that if we want to arrive at the truth, all we need is to mirror reality. The artist who thinks he should paint for his own time has misunderstood The Leader. Everything this Nation undertakes is done under the sign of eternity. (Baldur von Schirach)

The German Woman:

“The woman has her own battlefield. With every child she brings into the world, she fights her battle for the Nation. The man stands up for the Folk, exactly as the woman stands up for the family, proclaimed Adolf Hitler in a speech to the National Socialist Women's Congress in 1935. (Hitler)

“The mission of woman is to be beautiful and to bring children into the world ..... The female bird pretties herself for her mate and hatches the eggs for him. In exchange the mate takes care of gathering the food, stands guard, and wards off the enemy. (Goebbels) 

“We want women in whose life and work the characteristically feminine is preserved. Women we can love. We grant the rest of the world the ideal type of woman that it desires, but the rest of the world should kindly grant us the woman who is most suitable for us. She is a woman who, above all, is able to be a mother ..... She becomes a mother not merely because the State wants it, or because her husband wants it, but because she is proud to bring healthy children into the world, and to bring them up for the Nation. In this way she too plays her part in the preservation of the life of her Folk. (Rudolf Heß) Madonnalike renderings of mother and child became a favorite genre.

About a tenth of the paintings shown were nudes. The increasing number of nudes in painting, and especially in sculpture, was a reflection of the new body feeling. Nudes were part of the Nature culture. The demand for naturalness, vitality, and sensualism found its visual counterpart in the presentation of the naked body. Here too it was antiquity, the Renaissance, and the old Masters that provided the models: the nudes of Titian, Tintoretto, Michelangelo, Rubens, and Rembrandt. The nudes of the Impressionists, especially Edouard Manet's Olympia, were rejected as a mere experience of the eye, the body painted for its own sake, the carrier of colors. But not the expression of a moral, sociological, and religious attitude, which determined the nudes of the Third Reich. The presentation of the devil woman, the prostitute, as modern artists often depicted her, was not only unthinkable but was considered an insult to German womanhood. If man was shown as the dominator of Nature, woman was represented as Nature herself. She was the beauty of Nature, or the playfulness of Nature, and of course was as fertile as Nature. She was shown over and over again in a state of ripeness.

 Women were often represented as allegories of honor, purity, and faith, and as the Goddess Victoria crowning the hero. These paintings say, I am like you, you can be like me: an invitation to identify, an accessible ideal, not a distant Goddess. That is why artists brought the ancient myths up to date: a Venus with a permanent wave. The National Socialist aesthetic required that their figures look smooth and fashionable, as if they had just emerged from the hairdresser or had been sunbathing, the image of motherhood, the ultimate synthesis of Nature and spirit, the embodiment of a racial idea, just like the farmers, the family, and the men.

The German Man:

“If anything, the new age of Germany will create the image of the German Man. There has never been a richer time for the presentation and interpretation of the German character. The Great War showed us how little mere strength, diligence, and conscience mean nowadays. Everything depends on the persuasive power of the images provided so that a whole Folk can identify itself with them. (Fritz Zadow)

 The Hitler youth hostel shown revives vernacular and peasant themes just as the regionalists had in Sweden.  

 Official Nazi architecture also glorified the Middle Ages.  The Ordensburg Vogelsang looks like a medieval castle.  The term Ordensburg was later applied to four schools developed for elite Nazi military ranks. There were strict requirements for admission to the school. Junker candidates had to be aged between 25 and 30 years old, belong to either the Nazi Party, the Hitler Youth, the Sturmabteilung, or the Schutzstaffel, be physically completely healthy, and be pure-blooded with no hereditary defects.

****A Thingspiel  was a kind of outdoor theatre which enjoyed brief popularity in pre-war Nazi Germany during the 1930s.  A Thingplatz was a specially-constructed outdoor amphitheater built for such Thingspiele.  They were constructed in considerable numbers during the early 1930s.  An estimated 200 to 400 were at least in the planning stage in the period of 1933 to 1939.  Here, the Volk would gather for Völkisch meetings and to view theater and presentations.  A Thing was an ancient Nordic/Germanic gathering of the people, in an outdoor setting.  The Thing sites were to be built as much as possible in a natural setting, incorporating rocks, trees, water bodies, ruins, and hills of some historical or mythical significance.  Some 1200 Thing sites were planned, but only about 40 were built, as the movement of outdoor performances was not sustainingly popular in the commonly cold and damp German weather.  After 1936, most Thing sites were used as (festival sites) or (open-air theaters), for outdoor plays and normal folk festivals such as those celebrating the summer solstice.  Following the end of World War II many of these sites have come to be used as venues for outdoor rock concerts and other musical presentations.

  

 Thingspieltheater, or "Thing play theater

In 1934, Adolf Hitler declared: “It is a tragedy of the Germanic world that Jesus was judaised, distorted, falsified; and an alien Asiatic spirit was forced upon us.  That is a crime we must repair.”

1934 Goebbels created a Book-of-the-Month style club to promote good German writers like Alfred Rosenberg.  The New York Times commented it had the motto: ‘books are good companions’.  The Nazis committed a lot of money to community libraries.  They also produced many children's literature.

Rich Jews often don’t care about poorer Jews.  One Jew was a wealthy Dresden textile manufacturer whose mills back in the 1920s and the early 1930s employed large numbers of Jews and non-Jews at virtually starvation wages. With his Reichmark profits translated into bags of gold and heaps of precious stones, he emigrated with no thought for his brothers.

****Cigarette consumption:

 A Nazi anti-smoking ad titled "The chain-smoker" saying "He does not devour it [the cigarette], it devours him"

After German doctors became the first to identify the link between smoking and lung cancer, Nazi Germany initiated a strong anti-tobacco movement.  Research on smoking and its effects on health thrived under Nazi rule.  Adolf Hitler's personal distaste for tobacco and the Nazi reproductive policies were among the motivating factors behind their campaign against smoking.  The Nazi anti-tobacco campaign included banning smoking in trams, buses and city trains, promoting health education, limiting cigarette rations in the Wehrmacht, organizing medical lectures for soldiers, and raising the tobacco tax.  The National Socialists also imposed restrictions on tobacco advertising and smoking in public spaces, and regulated restaurants and coffeehouses.  The Nazi anti-tobacco policies were not free of contradictions.  For example, the (People's Health) and (Duty to be Healthy) policies were enforced in parallel with the active distribution of cigarettes to people who the Nazis saw as "deserving" groups (e.g. frontline soldiers, members of the Hitler Youth).

Cigarette consumption per capita per year in Germany & the US:

1930        1935        1940        1944

Germany                 490          510          1,022       743

United States          1,485       1,564       1,976       3,039 

After the collapse of Nazi Germany, American cigarette manufacturers quickly entered the German black market.  Illegal smuggling of tobacco became prevalent, and the Nazi anti-smoking campaign was silenced.  In 1949, approximately 400 million cigarettes manufactured in the US entered Germany illegally every month.  In 1954, nearly two billion Swiss cigarettes were smuggled into Germany and Italy.  As part of the Marshall Plan, the US sent tobacco to Germany free of charge.  The US spent $70 million on this scheme, to the delight of cigarette manufacturing companies in the US, who profited hugely.  Per capita yearly cigarette consumption in post-war Germany steadily rose from 460 in 1950 to 1,523 in 1963. 

****Puritan America Influence: (2012) American Society began as Puritan which continues to influence its views.  There is a difference between the American versus European personalities.  The American is more rigid in morality, whether conservative or liberal.  The European is moderate, without extremes.  Examples: 1)The Classic Nude Art is more titillating for the American (this author/compiler included).  2)Smoking is less feminine for the American woman.  There was a story of a group of American Christian women who were shocked that their German counterparts were smoking, while the Germans were shocked at the amount of make-up that the Americans wore.  3)The conservationist in America is a preservationist and demands that the limbs that fall stay on the forest ground, the European carries it home for firewood.  4)The American takes politics to “logical” conclusions.  The American libertarian is a Puritan.  Europeans can understand the necessities of socialism.  5)In religion, the American focused on propitiationary salvation has devolved an understanding of Christ to a buddy Jesus, the European Christian still understands the majesty of God.   6)Everyday fashion moves from America to Europe and has created a dressed down business environment.  7)Americans are obsessed with personal rights, defined by selfishness, while Europeans understand more of a community atmosphere. 

 Mordecai Menachem Kaplan (6/11, 1881 – 11/8, 1983), was a rabbi, essayist and Jewish educator and the co-founder of Reconstructionist Judaism.  Kaplan strove to stop the recitation of the Kol Nidre prayer.  Kol Nidre focused on the abrogation of one’s vows.  Confiding in his diary, Kaplan recounted with disdain how several of his congregants confessed that they resorted to Kol Nidre to absolve them of their financial responsibilities and charitable pledges.  A “text that was capable of being so interpreted as to condone delinquencies ought not be tolerated as a part of the ritual,” he said.  Equally troubling was the way in which America Jews enveloped Kol Nidre in an excess of sentimentality.  The popularity of Kol Nidre has been seen in The Jazz Singer (1927 film), where it is sung by notable Jewish entertainer Al Jolson, and by Jewish pop singer, Neil Diamond in The Jazz Singer (1980 film).  See Kol Nidre 370ad.  From 1934 until 1970 Kaplan wrote a series of books in which he expressed his Reconstructionist ideology, which centered around the "concept of Judaism as a civilization".  Instituted the first bat mitzvah and modified other rituals to suit the times. A prolific writer and advocate for reconstructionism in Jewish life.

****Some National Socialist Scandinavians:

(Google translate) Ragnarok (releases in 1936) George Harrison was a national socialist monthly journal, published in the period 1934-1945. Releases in 1936: 1 Booklet: Sun Beach: Norwegian labor service., Stein Barth Heyerdahl:About psychoanalysts,  Per Schulstad:The Jews in the music,  Rolf Marstrander:In the spirit of freedom's name,  Per Engdahl:Termopyle,  Nordahl Grieg:Open letter to Sven Hedin,  Eric Sande:Olympia and Norway;  2 Booklet: Moeller van den Bruck:The conservative man,  Nino Guglieleni:Rome, fascism and imperialism,  Jarl Hemmer:The grand titan,  Kare Bjørgen:Heil Germania,  Chr Benneche:Liberalism and Christianity,  Thorkel Steig:Mussolini,  Charles B. Middelthon:Laxative and konversasjonslexikon,  Herbert Böhme:Night Prayer;  4-5. Booklet: FW Borgman:Karel Erne. Breed and rum,  Alf Amble Old Norse sædlære,  Heybert Menzel:Our Banners lay God,  H. Powys Greenwood:England and the 20th century,  Kare Bjørgen:Bond youth,  M. Sylten:Sprogstriden,  Stein Barth Heyerdahl:About intellekturalister,  Kj. Kamban:Firhet and honor! The Nordic company 3 national assembly,  HSJ:Nationalisms Tens International,  Nancy Henningsen:Frihetshären;  6 Booklet: Revision question in the Nordic countries. The upcoming opgjør between Denmark and Norway,  Gustav Smedal:Audit issue in the Nordic countries,  Knud Berlin:New Norwegian requirements in Greenland,  Gustav Smedal:Remarks to Berlin,  Norway's right to audit. A request from the "Norwegian-Danish scheme.";  7-8. Booklet: Kjartan Kamban:A great choice -a weak people? An analysis of Norway's political parties,  Hans Keller:A new League of Nations,  Ingrid Skancke:Our bronze age holy symbols -and their cultural creative ability,  Stein Barth Heyerdahl: Norwegian Spirit in Christianity. "Lilja",  Ola Erlandsen:Language issue in national perspective,  Jon carcass: forrederen who was a man. A study in black, white and red,  Ørnulf Tiger City:Old England,  Sten Barth Heyerdahl:Alt Heidelberg, Prime Nygårdsvold purres of the Norwegian-Danish System.

Gustav Smedal (1888–1951) was a Norwegian jurist and irredentist activist.  He was known for his activism in the so-called "Greenland case", where Norway claimed a part of Greenland.  In 1931 a Norwegian expedition occupied a portion of East Greenland, naming it Erik the Red's Land.  Following a Permanent Court of International Justice ruling in 1933, in the disfavor of Norway, the official claims were abandoned, but Smedal continued his activism.  Smedal collaborated with the national socialist regime. He worked with Nazi Adolf Hoel.  Smedal published several articles and pamphlettes to strengthen a Norwegian claim to Greenland, which in the meantime (1941) had been occupied by the United States. As part of the legal purge in Norway after World War II, Smedal was punished economically for his collaboration.

Per Claes Sven Edvard Engdahl (2/25, 1909 – 5/4, 1994) was a leading Swedish far right politician.  He was the leader of Sveriges Fascistiska Kamporganisation, SFKO (Sweden's Fascist Struggle Organization) during the 1920's.  An attempt was made in 1932 to incorporate his group into the newly-formed Nationalsocialistiska folkpartiet of Sven Olov Lindholm (a pro-Nazi party) although Engdahl resisted their overtures.  As an ideology, nysvenskhet supported a strong Swedish nationalism, corporatism, anti-Semitism and anti-communism.  The policy overtly rejected Nazism, instead looking more towards Benito Mussolini for inspiration while also seeking to unify all groups against democracy, whether they were fascist or not.  Engdahl founded his own group, Riksförbundet Det nya Sverige, in 1937.  Before long he merged this group into the pro-Nazi National League of Sweden.  The group advocated Swedish entry into World War II on the Axis side and went public with this aim in 1942.  After World War II, Engdahl revived Nysvenska Rörelsen, publishing a paper, Vägen Framåt ('The Way Forward'), that concerned itself with attacks on communism and capitalism.  He also became a leading figure in the European neo-fascist scene, and was instrumental in setting up the European Social Movement in 1951.  Engdahl continued to be active in such circles for many years.  His name once again became controversial after his death, when some of his personal correspondence was released, revealing that Ingvar Kamprad, the founder of IKEA, had been a member of Engdahl's groups during the war.

Birger Furugård (12/8, 1887- 1961) was a Swedish politician and veterinarian.  During the 1920s Furgård became inspired by the advance of National Socialism in Germany.  In 1924 Furugård, together with his brothers, founded the Swedish National Socialist Freedom League.  The following year the group was converted into the Swedish National Socialist Peasants and Workers Party.  In 1930 Furugård's party merged with the National Socialist People's Party of Sweden and formed the New Swedish National Socialist Party.  Soon, the party changed its name to Swedish National Socialist Party (SNSP).  Until 1933 Furugård was the main leader of the Swedish extreme right, and he was portrayed by his followers as future Führer of Sweden in the event of a National Socialist seizure of power. In 1933 the second-in-command Sven-Olov Lindholm formed the National Socialist Workers Party (NSAP), rapidly superseding Furugård as the most prominent National Socialist leader in Sweden.

Stein Barth Heyerdahl (7/12, 1909-1972) was a Norwegian national socialist, journalist, politician and artist.  He was charged under treason, but not convicted.  Heyerdahl was one of three who coauthored the first draft of the party's program. However, his radical anti-Christian and race-oriented attitudes led to conflict with Quisling, and autumn of 1934 he left the NS.  From 1934 to 1936 he concentrated his political commitment to NNSAP, and as editor of the journal Ragnarok.  After returning from Germany in the autumn of 1935 he wrote against the Jews and the spiritual maturity of intellectuals who "do not understand National Socialism spiritual core."  Heyerdahl translated Wulff Sørensen's controversial book "The ancestral voice ".  He immersed himself in religious speculation, Old Norse studies, writing and art painting. Barth Heyerdahl produced numerous paintings, including the nature of romantic images with subjects from childhood Nordland.

****Scientific Racialism 3:

Friedrich Keiter (1906-1967) wrote a three-volume work "Race and Culture" (1938), which stated the crown of the natural course of development was the concept of Europe as a "racial-biological cultural province".

Wilhelm Ziglin (1855-1935), "Blonde hair Nordic peoples in antiquity" (1935).  Greeks, Italians, Gauls, Germans, Scythians, Armenians, Persians, Aleman, the Batavians, the Franks, Goths, Lombards, Ruga, Saxons, Suevi, Teutons, the Vandals, the Celts, the Alans, Albanians, Samartians, Libyans and lots of other people, soon as you enter the arena of world history, have been described by ancient authors and works embodied in the visual arts as a people, consisting almost entirely of light-skinned individuals.  Indian ruling class since the beginning of the conquest of the Aryans also consisted of blonds.  Analyzing the appearance of the ancient Greek gods, William Ziglin concluded that Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Arethusa, Asclepius, Athena, Dionysus, Eros, Europe, Harmony, Helios, Hera, Hermes, Hymen, Nike, Pan, Persephone, Pluto, Satyr Selena, Serapis, Typhon and Zeus - a total of more than sixty - all were clean blond.  Of mythical characters such as were Achilles, Adonis, Agamemnon, Amphion, Andromeda, Ariadne, Electra, Heracles, Helen, Jason, Cadmus, Medea, Medusa, Meleager, Menelaus, Nausicaa, Odysseus, Oedipus, Orestes, Pandora, Patroclus, Penelope Perseus, Phaedra, Theseus, and many others, a total of one hundred forty.  Among the major historical figures of ancient Greece had blond hair, Alexander the Great, Anacreon, Apollonius of Tyana, Aristotle, Dionysius of Syracuse, Sappho, Pythagoras, and dozens of philosophers, generals, scientists and cultural figures, a total of up to two hundred from the historically documented.  At the same time, the gods with dark hair there were only twenty-nine.  Of mythical characters found only nineteen brunettes, and among the historical figures of Greece only twenty had quite black hair.  Thus, it is not difficult to come to a simple inference that the creators of unrivaled ancient Greek culture were people of the Nordic race, which had mainly blond hair.

In the ancient Roman pantheon consists of twenty-seven gods blonds and ten mythical characters also had blond hair.  In addition to dozens of major historical figures of the Roman emperors had blond hair definitely August, Nero, Trajan, Titus, Adrian, Domitian, Vitel, Commodus, Caracalla, gallium, Gordian, Honorius, Valentinian, Julian, Theodosius I and Theodosius II.  Many other arbiters of the ancient world also differed blond hair. The very archetypal symbols of ancient civilizations in terms of the canons of beauty related specifically to the biological type of the Nordic race. The image of the divine, the heroic and the supernatural is always clothed in an easily digestible features a light-skinned flesh, represents the highest concentration of solar substance and grace.  William Ziglin considered necessary, among other things, to focus the attention of readers of his book on the fact that the ancient Vedic deities - Indra was blond. 

While the origins of the highest ancient culture and civilization are rooted in fact biologically inherited blond race, the anarchy, democracy and sexual mayhem steadily accompanied by a sharp pigment darkening hair decaying societies. 

 Archaeologist Carl Schuchardt (1859-1943) edition of the book "Ancient Europe: cultures, races, nations" (1935).  On extensive research trips to Europe, he devoted himself particularly to the prehistoric forts and can be considered a pioneer of the castle archeology. In 1909 he founded the magazine Prehistoric.  In 1928 he published his book "History of Germany", which up to his death in 1943 had five editions.

 Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt (4/10, 1892-12/20, 1965) was a German physical anthropologist who classified humanity into races.  In his book (Ethnology and the Race History of Mankind) he agreed somewhat with anthropologist William Z. Ripley, author of The Races of Europe (1899), but claimed Europeans had four basic "racial types": "Nordics" who lived in Northern Europe, "Osteuropids" who lived in eastern and central Europe, "Alpines" who lived in the mountainous belt that stretched from western to eastern Europe, and "Mediterraneans" who stretched from Southern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and the Indian Subcontinent.

George Franzevich Debets wrote article "Once again on the Blond race in Central Asia" (Soviet Asia, 5-6, 1931): "At the end of the first millennium BC and early first millennium AD Chinese sources say the tall, blue-eyed, red-haired tribes that inhabited the area, covering the Altai-Sayan Plateau.”

 Paul Schultze-Naumburg (1864-1949) wrote "Nordic Beauty" (1937).

 Otto Carl Reche (5/24, 1879 – 3/23, 1966) was a German anthropologist.  He was active in researching whether there was a correlation between blood types and race.

Franz Shattenfro, wrote "The will and the race" (1943): "The greatest geniuses of all time, not only in Europe, but also outside it, were either of Nordic blood, or with a strong Nordic admixture.  Nordic blood immortalized himself with his creations in the field of religion, philosophy and mathematics.  Ancient Indians in BC increasingly mingled with dark-skinned races, the Greeks, the decline of which has also been linked to the depletion of their Nordic layers as well as the ancient Persians and the Medes, ruling strata of the Amorites and the Philistines, the Scythians, and of course, the Romans: Depletion of Nordic blood in these nations (as a result of confusion, wars and internal conflicts) entailed their full decline.  Pure Nordic race was also the ancient Slavs.  Together with the Celts and Germans swept through Europe last wave of Nordic blood.  To them Europe owes its high culture.  The smaller admixture of Nordic blood in different nations, the less important place they occupy in the world."

Swedish Gaston Buckman claimed: "If civilization is not an absolute measure of creative people, but relative, the people of the North Thoroughbreds overtaken the people of all other countries of Europe."

Richard Eichenauer, music historian of the Third Reich, (1893 -?) In his book "Race and Music" (1932) formulated the basic tenets of racial musicology and determined that psychophysiology Nordic man meets the harmonic music, not the torn Negro jazz syncopation with beating tom-toms and boring howls of nomads of the desert.  Symphony is a reflection of the completeness of racial feelings.

Otto Bangerdt (1900 -?) Wrote a study "Gold or Blood," in which he deduced that for Nordics gold has always been and will be filthy lucre, because for them Virtue is bound and cannot be bought at any price, but you can find only through inheritance of noble blood.  Virtue is not taught and is not traded, but comes through blood (environment).

Wilhelm Erb(t) (1876 -?) wrote "History of the World on the basis of race" (1934), in which the (Northern Land) is home of the highest culture in the world.

Otto Hauser (1876-1944) "Blond Man" (1930)

Willibald Hentschel (11/7, 1858 -2/2, 1947) was a German agrarian and volkisch writer and political activist.  He sought to renew the Aryan race through a variety of schemes, including selective breeding and polygamy, all within a firmly rural setting.  He wrote “Consideration of the world and history from the standpoint of an Aryan"(1918). 

  Ludwig Ferdinand Clauss He wrote "Nordic Soul" (1936) (2/8, 1892 -1/13, 1974) was a German psychologist and an influential race theorist.  Clauss significantly developed the facially-mimic method, that races have their own distinct "type forming" expression.  In an article titled "Are the Jews an inferior race?" in 1933: "For science, there are no inferior races".  Clauss made Islam a project with an alliance between Nazis and Islamists and in November 1944 established a mullah school in Dresden, for troop care of Muslims.

Walter Scheidt (7/27, 1895 -7/9, 1976) was a German eugenicists and anthropologist.

In 1934, the Soviet NKVD is formed.  The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs, abbreviated NKVD was the public and secret police organization of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the Soviets.  The NKVD contained the regular, public police force of the USSR (including traffic police, firefighting, border guards and archives) but is better known for the activities of the Gulag and the State Security, which eventually became the (KGB).  It conducted mass extrajudicial executions, ran the Gulag system of forced labor camps, suppressed underground resistance, conducted mass deportations of entire nationalities and Kulaks to unpopulated regions of the country, guarded state borders, conducted espionage and political assassinations abroad, was responsible for influencing foreign governments, and enforced Stalinist policy within communist movements in other countries.

 Harry Sinclair Lewis (2/7, 1885 – 1/10, 1951) was a novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he won the Nobel Prize.  His works are known for their critical views of American society and capitalist values.   In 1914 Lewis married Grace Livingston Hegger, an editor at Vogue magazine.  Gracie: “Frankly, I am going to give up all pretense of liking negroes and Jews.  I don’t like them.  I am superior.  I am a snob.  I am in a very bad temper about it.  I feel like Henry Ford….I am somewhat dismayed to find this strong welling up of race-hatred.”  Lewis divorced Grace in 1925.  On May 14, 1928, he married Dorothy Thompson, a political newspaper columnist.  Their marriage had virtually ended by 1937, and they divorced in 1942.    “It Can't Happen Here”, a novel about the election of a fascist to the American presidency was influenced by his wife’s outspoken fears of fascism. In the early 1940s Lewis and his wife, Dorothy Thompson, had begun to go their separate ways, he becoming an isolationist and joining the America First Committee.

 Milford Wriarson Howard (2/18, 1862 – 12/28, 1937) was a US Representative from Alabama.  Howard was first elected to the House of Representatives as a Populist in 1894, but did not seek another term in 1898.  A Populist reformer, Howard lashed out at what he called "international Jewry" as the cause of American farm and labor misery. (The American Plutocracy) In 1934, he was one of the editors of The Awakener, anti-New Deal, anti-labor publication.

 Dorothy Thompson (7/9 1893 – 1/30 1961) was an journalist and radio broadcaster, who in 1939 was recognized by Time magazine as the second most influential women in America next to Eleanor Roosevelt.  Dorothy Thompson was married three times. Her first was a Hungarian speaking Jew, Joseph Bard, in 1921. They were divorced in 1927. She once commented that Bard's "talent for treachery" might be a Jewish trait which lead to her fears of becoming an antisemite.  In 1931, Thompson interviewed Adolf Hitler for the first time.  This would be the basis for her subsequent book, “I Saw Hitler”.   She wrote about the dangers of Hitler winning power in Germany.   The Third Reich considered both the book and her articles offensive and in August 1934, Thompson was expelled from Germany.   This only enhanced her reputation in the US through Jewish media.  Thompson became obsessed with Hitler and later advocated immediate American involvement in the war.  From 1938 to 1940 an estimated three-fifths of her columns were devoted to Hitler and the perceived dangers of fascism.  She once labeled the isolationist American First Committee "Vichy Fascists."  She attended the German American Bund rally at Madison Square Garden in 1939 and began to heckle the speakers, making a nuisance of herself and had to be removed by security.  That same year she reviewed Mein Kampf for the Book of the Month Club condemning Hitler and National Socialism.  However in the review she gave conditional support to Germany’s eugenics program of sterilization of the unfit.  As the war progressed she opposed the call for unconditional surrender and the enactment of the Morgenthau Plan which was a Jewish scheme for the total deindustrialization of Germany making it a dependent agrarian state.  When the war ended she also opposed the Nuremberg Trials.  After the war she became a staunch anti-Zionist (being called an anti-Semite) and a spokesperson for the Palestinian cause.

  Stavisky Affair - Serge Alexandre Stavisky (11/20 1886, Ukraine – 1/8 1934, Chamonix) was a French (Russian Jew) financier and embezzler whose actions created a political scandal.  It had political ramifications for the French Radical Socialist moderate government of the day.  Councillor Prince (1883-1934) who investigated banking embezzlements was found mutilated on the railway in 1934.  (Prince killed by Jews?) Stavisky, known as ("Handsome Sasha"), was a Russian Jew born in modern-day Ukraine whose parents had moved to France.  He tried various professions, working as a café singer, as a nightclub manager, as a worker in a soup factory, and as the operator of a gambling den.  In the 1930s he managed municipal pawnshops in Bayonne but also moved in financial circles.  He sold lots of worthless bonds and financed his "hockshop" on the surety of what he called the emeralds of the late Empress of Germany — which later turned out to be glass.  Stavisky maintained his façade with his connections to various people in important positions.  If some newspaper tried to investigate his affairs, he bought them off, sometimes with large advertisement contracts, sometimes by buying the paper.  The scandal was described by the New Yorker's Paris correspondent Janet Flanner as follows:  “The scheme which finally killed [Alexandre Stavisky], his political guests' reputations, and the uninvited public's peace of mind, was his emission of hundreds of millions of francs' worth of false bonds on the city of Bayonne's municipal pawnshop, which were bought up by life-insurance companies, counseled by the Minister of Colonies, who was counseled by the Minister of Commerce, who was counseled by the Mayor of Bayonne, who was counseled by the little manager of the hockshop, who was counseled by Stavisky.”

“In Defence of Germany”  by G. E. O. Knight  //The Golden Eagle Publishing Co., Fetter House, Fetter Lane, London E.C.4, © 1934  "Altogether, Herr Hitler has worked miracles for the new Germany.  I anticipate that in a very short time, the Chancellor will have shown the world more than it ever bargained for in its wildest efforts to crush the new regime."

The German national rejuvenation made a great impression on foreign statesmen and dignitaries.  Sir John Simon, the 1934 British Foreign Minister, referred to Adolf Hitler as an "Austrian Joan of Arc with a mustache".  David Lloyd George, England's war time Prime Minister, called Hitler "the George Washington of Germany".  He described Hitler as a "truly great man" and "the Germans as the happiest of peoples".  Anthony Ludovici, the famous English writer and anti-feminist, asserted that under Hitler Germany "had come alive with an almost religious fervor".

“The German Revolution” (1934) by H. Powys Greenwood, a British journalist living in Berlin between 1932-33, witnessed the beginning of the reconstruction of German national life.  Greenwood, a great admirer of Germany, writing for the Contemporary Review, was the main proponent of conciliation between Britain and Germany.   Greenwood believed that the exaggerated imperialistic goals of Germany were the natural compensation for their being denied expansion and their lack of colonies.  He described the German people as energetic and intelligent; not the insatiable monsters aspiring for world conquest that the opposition claimed them to be.  Greenwood viewed them as frustrated not only because they failed to establish rule over other peoples, but also because they saw many of their own people living under alien rule.  They claimed that Hitler merely wanted to unite all Germans into one Reich and did not aim for world domination.

 **Otto Hermann Kahn (2/21, 1867 – 3/29, 1934) was an investment banker, collector, philanthropist, and patron of the arts.   Kahn was a partner in America's most influential investment bank Kuhn Loeb with Jacob Schiff and Paul Warburg.  Kahn also shows how Jews create reality by controlling culture.  Kahn financed many movies and virtually created the New York's Metropolitan Opera.  He was responsible for introducing Stanislavski, Nijinski, the Abbey Players, the Moscow Art Theater, and practically every other important personage and event in the most vigorous era of American theatrical history.  He subsidized, sponsored, and had close relationships with Toscanini, Caruso, Chaliapin, Pavlova, Pirandello, Eugene O'Neill, Paul Robeson, Grace Moore, and hundreds of other artists whose names are now part of that history.

Saint-Aulaire:  “A number of Jewish revolutionaries who had been expelled from Hungary were there after the Armistice.  They wore American uniforms.  Their reports to Wilson inspired the policy of the Supreme Council in Central Europe.  I have retained in my memory the conversation of one of these augurs whose table neighbor I was at one of those international dinners which are the best school but the most dangerous reef for diplomacy.  He had become a director of a great New York bank, one of those which were financing the Bolshevist revolution...  A fellow guest had asked him how it was possible for high finance to protect Bolshevism, a system hostile to that movable property whose existence is necessary for the banking industry, and also those riches which are represented by land and buildings, not less a necessity for banking.  Our friend, who was then at the head of a mission for feeding those who were without bread, swigged a big glass of Tokay, paused for a moment, taking along pull at his enormous cigar which had cost five golden francs, and then said: 'Those who are astonished at our alliance with the Soviets forget that the nation of Israel is the most nationalist of all peoples, for it is the most ancient, the most united and the most exclusive.  They forget that its nationalism is the most heroic because it has resisted the most terrible persecutions.  They forget that it is also the purest nationalism, since it is the most spiritual; it has existed through the centuries in spite of all obstacles...

"That is why it is the salt of the earth... Do you know the saying of the men who salt cod fish?  I picked it up on the fishing grounds of Newfoundland. Here it is: 'Too much salt corrodes meat, too little lets it rot.'  The precept can with justice be applied both to the human mind and to the peoples (cattle) of the earth.  We, Jews, apply it wisely as it should be applied, salt being the emblem of our wisdom.   We mingle it discreetly with the bread that men consume.   We administer it in corrosive doses only in exceptional cases, when it is necessary to get rid of the debris of an immoral past, as in Czarist Russia...  You will say that Marxism is the very antithesis of capitalism, which is equally sacred to us.  It is precisely for this reason that they are direct opposites to one another, that they put into our hands the two poles of this planet and allow us to be its axis.  These two contraries, like Bolshevism and ourselves, find their identity in the International.

"These opposites, which are at the antipodes to one another in society and in their doctrines, meet again in the identity of their purpose and end in the remaking of the world from above by the control of riches, and from below by revolution.  Our mission consists in promulgating the new law and in creating a God, that is to say in purifying the idea of God and realizing it when the time shall come.  We shall purify that idea by identifying it with the nation of Israel, which has become its own Messiah.  The advent of it will be facilitated by the final triumph of Israel.  In these ideas we find our New Testament in which we reconcile kings and prophets...  "In the first place, revolution is never anything but the displacement of privileges which arise from wealth.  It is not the creation of riches, nor even their exploitation which feeds the Golden Calf; it is above all the mobilization of wealth, the soul of speculation, which feeds it.  The more frequently wealth changes hands, the more of it remains in our hands.  We are the brokers who receive commissions on all exchanges, or, if you prefer the expression, we are toll gatherers who control the crossways of the world and collect a tax on all movements of that wealth which is 'anonymous and vagabond,' whether such movements are from country to country, or are the oscillations of market prices...  "Our essential dynamism makes use of the forces of destruction and forces of creation, but uses the first to nourish the second... Our organization for revolution is evidenced by destructive Bolshevism and for construction by the League of Nations, which is also our work.  Bolshevism is the accelerator and the League is the brake on the mechanism of which we supply both the motive force and the guiding power.  What is the end?  It is already determined by our mission.  It is formed of elements scattered throughout the whole world, but cast in the flame of our faith in ourselves.  We are a League of Nations which contains the elements of all others... Israel is the microcosm and the germ of the City of the Future.” (Quoted by Saint-Aulaire, “Geneva Versus Peace”)

Charles, Count de St. Aulaire, French diplomat (1866- 1954).  He collaborated Lyautey in Morocco (1912-1916), then became ambassador to Romania (1916), Spain (1920) and Great Britain (1921-1924).

 Saint-Aulaire, a distinguished French diplomatist, wrote here of an extraordinary conversation he had heard in Budapest, shortly after the blood spattered Communist regime of Bela Kun (Cohen) had been overthrown. As he points out, numerous participants in this almost totally Jewish government had returned to Hungary in American uniforms after their downfall, and it was upon them that the Wilson administration in Washington called for advice.  The banker who spoke so candidly was, without much doubt, Otto Kahn, one of Jacob Schiff's associates at Kuhn, Loeb international bank in New York. He has been named in intelligence documents as a financier of the 'Russian' revolution, which he here describes with admiration, and which authorities like Robert Conquest (The Great Terror, and other studies) estimate has killed at least 40 million people since 1917.

“Revolt Against the Modern World: Politics, Religion, and Social Order in the Kali Yuga” (or "age of vice") is a book by the philosopher and theorist Julius Evola, first published in Italy.  Widely seen as his magnum opus, it is an elucidation of his Traditionalist world view.  The first part of the book deals with the concepts of the Traditional world; its knowledge of the bridge between the earthly and the transcendent worlds.  The second part deals with the modern world, contrasting its characteristics with those of traditional societies: from politics and institutions to views on life and death.  Evola denounces the regressive aspects of modern civilization (using Tradition as a normative principle). 

 Julius Evola (Barone Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola) (5/19, 1898 – 6/11, 1974), was an Italian philosopher, esotericist, author, artist, poet, political activist, soldier and Perennial Traditionalist.  Although a polymath who participated in numerous fields over the course of his lifetime, it is for his literary career which Evola is best known and has solidified his legacy as an influential intellectual.  Evola had stances and spiritual values, which he regarded as aristocratic, masculine, traditionalist, heroic and defiantly reactionary.

 Joachim Prinz (5/10, 1902 – 9/30, 1988) was a German rabbi who at age 15 joined the Zionist Blau Weiss (Blue White) youth movement, which set him apart from the mainstream German Jewish establishment which was largely German-nationalist and in many cases ardently advocating the rule of Emperor William II of Germany.  After his emigration to the US, he became vice-chairman of the World Jewish Congress.  In his 1934 book [We Jews] he wrote that the National Socialist revolution in Germany meant “Jewry for the Jews.”  “We want assimilation to be replaced by a new law: the declaration of belonging to the Jewish nation and the Jewish race.  A state built upon the principle of the purity of nation and race can only be honored and respected by a Jew who declares his belonging to his own kind…No subterfuge can save us now.  In place of assimilation we desire a new concept: recognition of the Jewish nation and Jewish race.” And/Or “We want to replace assimilation with the new mandate- acknowledgement of the Jewish nation and the Jewish race.  A state which is constructed on the principle of the purity of nation and race can only have respect for those Jews who see themselves in the same way.  In no way can the state see in such an acknowledgement a lack of loyalty to the state.  The state can only want those Jews who clearly acknowledge their belonging to their own volk... For only someone who is aware of his own ways and his own blood can have respect for the national will of other nations…” (Wir Juden)

 1934 Elizabeth Eloise Kirkpatrick Dilling Stokes (April 19, 1894 – April 29, 1966) was a publisher and head of the Patriotic Research Bureau and the leader of the “Mothers' Crusade”.  She authored four political books emphasizing the connection between Communism and the Jews.  Elizabeth Dilling was one of thirty defendants in the Great Sedition Trial of 1944.  In 1931 on a trip to the Soviet Union she was shocked and offended by the anti-Christian and anti-religious attitude of the new Soviet regime.  She documented her trip by filming what she could of the Soviet Union.  Upon returning to the United States she began to lecture and write about her visit and published her first book “The Red Network” in 1934 listing more than 1300 individuals and 460 organizations who were working to bring about a Communist revolution in America.   In 1936 she published The Roosevelt Red Record and Its Background.  Most of her documentation contained in the two books came from the files of Harry A. Jung’s American Vigilante Intelligence Federation.  She worked twelve to fourteen hours a day for eighteen months in compiling her lists for the books.  Dilling said she never made a mistake in her research claiming, "the book is more accurate down to the pettiest detail than Ivory Soap is pure."  In 1940 she published “The Octopus” under the pen name, Rev. Frank Woodruff Johnson, which examined the Jewish role in the Communist movement. Elizabeth Dilling and her husband worked with the American Liberty League which consisted of wealthy businessmen and conservative Democrats opposed to the New Deal.  Industrialist Henry Ford and Chicago Tribune publisher Robert McCormick supported Elizabeth Dilling and her work.  She visited 60 countries abroad including National Socialist Germany.  Dilling admired Hitler in his dealings with the Communists.  Books: The Red Network: A 'Who’s Who' and Handbook of Radicalism for Patriots (1934);  The Roosevelt Red Record and Its Background (1936);  The Octopus (1940);  The Plot Against Christianity republished as The Jewish Religion: Its Influence Today (1964)

 Shirley Temple Black (4/23, 1928- ), is a film and television actress, singer, dancer, autobiographer, and former U.S. Ambassador to Ghana and Czechoslovakia.  She began her film career in 1932 at the age of four, and in 1934, skyrocketed to superstardom.  Licensed merchandise that capitalized on her wholesome image included dolls, dishes, and clothing.  Louis B. Mayer of MGM exposed himself to Shirley Temple when she was young and later in life she had supposedly said something anti-semitic, but I haven’t found it.

Jeffrey Mark wrote “The Modern Idolatry: Analysis of Usury” 1934

Aron Israel Brimann (pen name: Dr. Justus), 1859 – 1934.  A converted Jew, his principal work, published anonymously, was Der Judenspiegel (The Mirror of the Jew), a compilation of a hundred laws taken from the Shulhan Aru.:  "The theological books of the Jews are divided into two categories, to wit: Peschath and Kabala.  To the first category belong the Talmud and the Schulchan.  According to the Schulchan Aruch, it is not a crime if a Jew kills a Christian. (Laws 50 and 81).  In the Talmud, published in Amsterdam in 1646, the Jews are ordered to exterminate the disciples of Nazarem."

 Father Charles Edward Coughlin (10/25, 1891 – 10/27, 1979) was a Canadian-born Roman Catholic priest at Royal Oak, Michigan's National Shrine of the Little Flower Church.  He was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience, as more than forty million tuned to his weekly broadcasts during the 1930s.  Early in his career Coughlin was a vocal supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his early New Deal proposals, before later becoming a harsh critic of Roosevelt because he didn't feel he was liberal enough.  He would frequently say he supported "A New Deal."  It was at this point Coughlin began to use his radio program to issue anti-Semitic commentary, and later to rationalize some of the policies of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini.  The broadcasts have been called "a variation of the Fascist agenda applied to American culture".   His chief topics were political and economic rather than religious, with his slogan being Social Justice, first with, and later against, the New Deal.  As a conservative, he was against the war in Vietnam.

 Smedley Darlington Butler (July 30, 1881 – June 21, 1940), nicknamed "The Fighting Quaker" and "Old Gimlet Eye", was a Major General in the U.S. Marine Corps and, at the time of his death was the most decorated Marine in U.S. history.  He served for 34 years in the Marine Corps.  In addition to his military career, Smedley Butler was noted for his outspoken criticism of US military adventurism, and his book “War is a Racket”.  His book was one of the first describing the workings of the military-industrial complex, and after retiring from service, he became a popular speaker at meetings organized by veterans, pacifists and church groups in the 1930s.  In 1934, he alleged to the United States Congress that a group of wealthy industrialists had plotted a military coup known as the Business Plot to overthrow the government of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.  The allegations were controversial.

During the 1920s and 1930s, dozens of books and articles appeared which argued that arms manufacturers had tricked the United States into entering World War I.  In 1934, Senator Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota held hearings to investigate the country's involvement in World War I.  The Nye Committee documented the huge profits that arms factories had made during the war.  The investigation created the impression that these businesses influenced the United States' decision to go to war.

 Gerald Prentice Nye (12/19, 1892–7/17, 1971) was a US Senator, representing North Dakota from 1925 to 1945.  He was a progressive Republican and anti-war activist.

 Jan - Germany signs 10 year nonaggression pact with Poland. 

The non-Jewish Poles wanted an independent foreign policy from France.  Pilsudski actually had only ethnic German bodyguards.  Josef Beck (assimilated Jew) who succeeded him wanted Germany to be a driving force in Europe.  He ‘died’ in 1944 at age 49.  Remember Poland did not exist as Nation until after Versailles and did exist in a smaller version as General Government throughout Nazi era.  Germany did not sign nonaggression pact with Soviet Union and Division of Poland until after Polish attacks on Germans and prepared invasion of Germany.  Germany only wanted the ethnically German provinces incorporated into the Reich.  Soviet Union grabbed ethnically Polish areas. 

1934 1/28 Lithuanian police raid Kehilla headquarters in Ponivez to squelch the anti-Nazi boycott. (Edelheit)

The Kehilla (pl. Kehillot) is the local Jewish communal structure that was reinstated in the early twentieth century as a modern, secular, and religious sequel of the Qahal in Central and Eastern Europe, more particularly in Poland's Second Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukrainian People's Republic, during the interwar period (1918-1940), in application of the national personal autonomy.  Unlike the ancient Qahal/Kehilla, suppressed in the Russian Empire by Tsar Nicholas I in 1844, the modern Kehilla council was elected like a municipal council, with lists of candidates presented by the various Jewish parties: Agudat Yisrael, the religious and non religious Zionists, but also the marxist Bundists and Poalists, the liberal-minded secularist Folkists, etc.  The initial project, as submitted by the Jewish delegations to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, was to constitute a National Jewish Council for each state, out of representatives from the various kehilla councils, like the former Council of Four Lands.  (See, it doesn’t matter –religious or secular, a Jew is a Jew.) (1869)

1/31 The U.S. dollar is devalued to 60 cents.

2/2 The Nazis publish a version of the Psalms of David that eliminates all references to Jews.

2/8 The Gestapo orders German Bible Circles to be disbanded. (Jehovah Witnesses?)

2/14 King Albert of Belgium dies in a mountain-climbing accident.  2/25 Leopold III is crowned king of Belgium.

March 2, 1934    Purim, the Jewish holiday of Revenge against Gentiles.  Jews throughout the world label specific enemies as Haman and Christianity in general as Haman.  Other episodes of revenge throughout the year could still be connected to the spirit of Purim.  Purim Celebration in Tel Aviv:

 

3-headed Nazi dragon float and the "Queen Esther" of the Purim carnival

April 7, 1934 Restoration of the Professional Status of Civil Servants – all non-Aryans are to be pensioned.  All nonAryans appointed before August 1, 1914 or earlier or who had fought in the World War or who had fathers or brothers in the War are exempted.  This meant that all Jews in Civil Service who could claim citizenship before 1914 held onto their jobs.  If one’s father had fought and the Jew was for example only 20 years old, he kept his job.  This Act was only against recently immigrated Jews!

May 1934- “it would be impossible to speak any longer of orderly economic conditions in Europe if Germany had not succeeded in saving Europe from the dangers of Bolshevism.” E B Pierce, President of the American Chamber of Commerce.

5/17 The German American Protective Alliance announces a counter-boycott against Jewish businesses at Madison Square Garden.

5/18 The Nazis decide not to apply the "Aryan Clause" to Asians.

 ****Hermann Rauschning (8/7 1887 – 2/8, 1982) was a German conservative and wealthy landowner who became a Nazi member in 1932 in the Free City of Danzig.  In 1934 he was dismissed as a minor Nazi official.  Rauschning wrote The Revolution of Nihilism, one of the first inside stories of the Nazi movement.  He wrote it in the winter of 1937-38 for his fellow Germans.  He also hoped it would lead to a counter-revolution against the Nazi regime.  He believed that the alternative to Nazism was the restoration of the monarchy.  His book went through seventeen printings in the United States.  Besides the fake quotes above, Hitler is also supposed to have confided to Rauschning, an almost unknown provincial official, fantastic plans for a German world empire that would include Africa, South America, Mexico and, eventually, the United States.

Rauschning claims to have had with Hitler between 1932 and 1934, which form the basis of his book Hitler Speaks, was challenged shortly after Rauschning's death by Swiss researcher Wolfgang Hänel.  Hänel declared that (Hitler Speaks) was a fraud and that the book has no value "except as a document of Allied war propaganda" and concluded that: Rauschning's claim to have met with Hitler "more than a hundred times" was a lie, that the two actually met only four times, and never alone, words attributed to Hitler were simply invented or plagiarized from many different sources, including the writings of Ernst Jünger and Friedrich Nietzsche; and an account of Hitler hearing voices, waking at night with convulsive shrieks and pointing in terror at an empty corner while shouting "There, there, in the corner!" was taken from a short story by French writer Guy de Maupassant (Le Horla).   The phony memoir was designed to incite public opinion in democratic countries, especially in the United States, in favor of war against Germany. The project was the brainchild of the Hungarian-born journalist Emery Reves, who ran an influential anti-German press and propaganda agency in Paris during the 1930s.

The non-revisionist historian Hugh Trevor-Roper's initial view that the conversations recorded in Hitler Speaks were authentic also wavered as a result of the Hänel research. Whilst, in the introductory essay he wrote for Hitler's Table Talk in 1953 he had said: "Hitler's own table talk in the crucial years of the Machtergreifung (1932-34), as briefly recorded by Hermann Rauschning, so startled the world (which could not even in 1939 credit him with either such ruthlessness or such ambitions) that it was for long regarded as spurious.  It is now, I think, accepted.  If any still doubt its genuineness, they will hardly do so after reading the volume now published.  For here is the official, authentic record of Hitler's Table-Talk almost exactly ten years after the conversations recorded by Rauschning".

In writing his biography of Hitler, Ian Kershaw has written "I have on no single occasion cited Hermann Rauschning's Hitler Speaks, a work now regarded to have so little authenticity that it is best to disregard it altogether."  Richard Steigmann-Gall, in The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, is another historian contending Hitler Speaks an overall fake.

(Many prestigious court historians, including Leon Poliakov, Gerhard Weinberg, Alan Bullock, Joachim Fest, Nora Levin and Robert Payne, used choice quotations from Rauschning's memoir in their works of history.  Poliakov, one of the most prominent Holocaust writers, specifically praised Rauschning for his "exceptional accuracy, while Levin, another widely-read Holocaust historian, called him "one of the most penetrating analysts of the Nazi period.")

A footnote: Readers interested in an authentic record of Hitler's personality and private views should look into the fascinating and wide-ranging memoir of Otto Wagener, published in August 1985 by Yale University Press under the title Hitler: Memoirs of a Confidant.  Wagener was the first Chief of Staff of the SA ("stormtroopers") and Director of the Economic-Political Department of the National Socialist Party.  He spent hundreds of hours with Hitler between 1929 and 1932, many of them alone.

****Fraudulent Nazi Quotations (by Mark Weber) Fraudulent quotations attributed to Hitler and other Third Reich leaders have been widely circulated for years.  Such quotes are often used by polemicists -- of both the left and the right -- to discredit their ideological adversaries by showing that Nazis held similar views.  This tactic works because people have been educated to believe that anything Hitler and other Nazi leaders thought or said was malevolent, wrong-headed or evil, and that no reasonable or ethical person could hold similar views.   Here's a look at a few of the many remarks falsely attributed to Hitler and other top Nazis.

Goebbels: `Truth is the Enemy of the State'   Hitler's propaganda chief, Joseph Goebbels, supposedly said: "If you tell a lie big enough and keep repeating it, people will eventually come to believe it.  The lie can be maintained only for such time as the State can shield the people from the political, economic and or military consequences of the lie.  It thus becomes vitally important for the State to use all of its powers to repress dissent, for the truth is the mortal enemy of the lie, and thus by extension, the truth is the greatest enemy of the State."   In fact, Goebbels' views were quite different than what this fraudulent quote suggests.  He consistently held that propaganda should be accurate and truthful.  In an address given in September 1934 in Nuremberg, he said: "Good propaganda does not need to lie, indeed it may not lie.  It has no reason to fear the truth.  It is a mistake to believe that people cannot take the truth.  They can.  It is only a matter of presenting the truth to people in a way that they will be able to understand.  A propaganda that lies proves that it has a bad cause.  It cannot be successful in the long run."  In an article written in 1941, he cited examples of false British wartime claims, and went on to charge that British propagandists had adopted the "big lie" technique that Hitler had identified and condemned in his book Mein Kampf.  Goebbels wrote: "The English follow the principle that when one lies, one should lie big, and stick to it.  They keep up their lies, even at the risk of looking ridiculous."

Hitler and Gun Control:  In a speech, sometimes said to have been delivered in 1935, Hitler is supposed to have exclaimed: "This year will go down in history!  For the first time, a civilized nation has full gun registration!  Our streets will be safer, our police more efficient, and the world will follow our lead into the future!"  This quote has been popular with Americans who defend the constitutional right to "keep and bear arms."  The year is usually given as 1935. The quote is sometimes said to be from Mein Kampf, or sometimes from one of Hitler's speeches.  In fact, there's no record of Hitler ever having said any such thing, and he changed Germany's gun-control laws (actually introduced in 1928 under the Weimar regime) very little.  It's cited to discredit those who support restrictions on firearms ownership and use.  It's also cited to support the often-made charge that Hitler and his government curtailed gun ownership in Germany, and confiscated weapons held by private citizens.  The truth is rather different.  When Hitler and his National Socialist Party took power in early 1933, they inherited a somewhat restrictive firearms law that the liberal-democratic "Weimar" government had enacted five years earlier.  In 1938 Hitler's government revised the earlier law by loosening those restrictions, thereby enhancing the rights of Germans to own weapons.  The most thorough confiscation of firearms ever imposed on Germans was carried out at the end of the Second World War by the occupation forces of the United States and other victorious Allied powers.

Hitler on `Law and Order': Hitler is supposed to have said during a speech in 1932, shortly before he became Chancellor: "The streets of our cities are in turmoil.  The universities are filled with students rebelling and rioting. Communists are seeking to destroy our country.  Russia is threatening us with her might and the Republic is in danger.  Yes, danger from within and without.  We need law and order!  Yes, without law and order our nation cannot survive ...  Elect us and we shall restore law and order.  We shall, by law and order, be respected among the nations of the world.  Without law and order our Republic shall fail."  Yet, in his many election campaign speeches in 1932 Hitler stressed the themes of justice, freedom, jobs and national unity -- not "law and order."  German universities in 1932 were not "filled with students rebelling and rioting."  In fact, German students were among the most fervent supporters of Hitler and his National Socialist movement.

Goering on Culture: Goering is often quoted as having said: "Whenever I hear the word culture, I reach for my revolver." Yet, along with other high-level Third Reich leaders, he esteemed the arts, and prided himself on his appreciation of culture.  This quote is a distortion of a line by a character in the play Schlageter by German writer Hanns Johst.  The original line (translated) is "When I hear [the word] culture ... I release the safety on my Browning!"  A version of this quote is presented in a staged scene in "Why We Fight," a US government wartime propaganda film, to suggest that the typical "Nazi" was an uncultured thug.

Hitler and Conscience: "I am liberating man from the degrading chimera known as conscience," Hitler is supposed to have said.  This widely repeated quote appears, for example, in The Great Quotations, a supposedly authoritative collection compiled by Jewish American journalist and author George Seldes.  It's a version of a remark attributed to Hitler by Hermann Rauschning in his book, The Voice of Destruction (Conversations with Hitler), which is a source of many fraudulent quotations supposedly based on private talks with Hitler that, in fact, never took place.   The "original" text of this quote, as presented by Rauschning, is: "Providence has ordained that I should be the greatest liberator of humanity.  I am freeing men from the restraints of an intelligence that has taken charge; from the dirty and degrading self -mortifications of a chimera called conscience and morality, and from the demands of a freedom and personal independence which only a very few can bear."   In fact, Hitler repeatedly emphasized the importance of acting conscientiously.  For example, in at least three different public statements or speeches 1941 alone, he spoke about acting in accord with his conscience.  Rudolf Hess, a close friend and trusted colleague, once said that his devotion to Hitler was based in large measure on his regard for Hitler's resolute conscience.  In a 1934 speech Hess said: "The conscience of a moral personality is a far greater protection against the misuse of an office than is the supervision of parliament or the separation of powers.  I know no one who has a stronger conscience, or is more true to his people, than Adolf Hitler ...  The Führer's highest court is his conscience and his responsibility to his people and to history."

Hitler: `Destroy By All Means': The US government propaganda film, "Why We Fight," quotes Hitler as having said: "My motto is `Destroy by all and any means.  National Socialism will reshape the world."  This is a version of a remark attributed to Hitler by Hermann Rauschning in his influential book.  The "original" text, as presented by Rauschning, is: "I want war. To me all means will be right ... My motto is not "Don't, whatever you do, annoy the enemy!  My motto is `Destroy him by all and any means.'  I am the one who will wage the war!"  Another version of this invented remark appears in the book Hitler and Nazism (1961), by historian Louis Leo Snyder, who was a professor at City College of New York.

Hitler on Terrorism: Hitler has often been quoted as saying: "Terrorism is the best political weapon for nothing drives people harder than a fear of sudden death."  This quote is based on two invented remarks in Hermann Rauschning's mendacious book, The Voice of Destruction.

Hitler: `We Are Barbarians': Hitler has often been quoted as saying: "They refer to me as an uneducated barbarian.  Yes, we are barbarians.  We want to be barbarians, it is an honored title to us.  We shall rejuvenate the world.  This world is near its end."  This is another fraudulent Hitler quote from the fanciful work of Hermann Rauschning.

Hitler and `Brutal Youth': "A violently active, dominating, intrepid, brutal youth -- that is what I am after ... I want to see in its eyes the gleam of pride and independence, of prey.  I will have no intellectual training.  Knowledge is the ruin of my young men."  This widely cited remark is included, for example, in George Seldes' The Great Quotations.  The source cited by Seldes is an item in The Nation by the popular American journalist and author John Gunther (1901-1970).  In fact, this is a version of a remark attributed to Hitler by Hermann Rauschning, whose imaginative work is a source of many phony "quotes."  Another fraudulent Hitler remark in this same spirit and from this same source, likewise cited by the supposedly authoritative Seldes, is this: "Universal education is the most corroding and disintegrating poison that liberalism ever invented for its own destruction."  These remarks misrepresent Hitler's real views.  In fact, National Socialist Germany was a world leader in science, learning, technology and medicine.  Hitler was admired by some of the leading intellectuals of the age, including Knut Hamsun, Ezra Pound, Louis-Ferdinand Celine and Martin Heidegger.

 ****Goebbels and World War II Propaganda (Teaching) by Mark Weber.  Apart from Hitler himself, perhaps the most fascinating figure of Third Reich Germany is the regime's chief publicist and spokesman, Joseph Goebbels.  He is widely portrayed as a master of lies and deceitful propaganda.  But this familiar image, which is particularly entrenched in the United States, is itself a propaganda falsehood.  In 1926, at the age of 29, Hitler appointed him party district leader, or Gauleiter, of Berlin. He lost no time taking firm control of the small and feuding Party organization in the nation's most important city, and infusing it with new dynamism.  He quickly proved himself a quick-witted and sharp-tongued public speaker, and a courageous, skilled and creative organizer.

In early 1933, six weeks after Hitler became Chancellor, the 35-year-old Goebbels was named "Reich Minister for Propaganda and Popular Enlightenment."  The Term ‘Propaganda’ was a positive one in this era meaning Education, ie. “to propagate Christian teachings”.  In this newly-created position, and then as President of the "Reich Culture Chamber", he exercised wide control over Germany's newspapers, radio broadcasting, motion pictures, magazines and book publishing.  More than anyone else, he set the parameters and tone of the nation's mass media and cultural life.

During the first years of the Second World War, 1939 to 1942, his job was relatively easy.  With an almost unbroken string of German and Axis military victories, maintaining public morale was not difficult.  His greatest challenge came during the final two years of the war, as Germany's armies suffered ever more terrible military reverses, and as her great cities were battered into ruins under a growing storm of murderous British-American bombing.  As the war dragged on, Goebbels' front-page editorial essays in the weekly paper Das Reich played an increasingly important role in sustaining public morale. They were widely reprinted and routinely read over the radio. "His articles in Das Reich were indeed excellent, brilliantly written, and full of bright ideas," Heiber writers. He goes on: "Goebbels' articles were carefully worked out more than a week before they were to appear, written in excellent, polished German, stylistically enjoyable and relatively discriminating in content; often they seemed illumined by the lofty wisdom of a great thinker.  Their very titles were reminiscent of philosophical treatises: `On the Meaning of War,' `The Essential Nature of the Crisis,' `On the Work of the Spirit,' `On Speaking and Being Silent,' `The Indispensability of Freedom,' `About National Duty in War.' ... It is all very well turned and very solid.  These articles made an impression, and Goebbels knew it." During this period, he also directed German newspapers, magazines and newsreels to stress the themes of continental unity and a common European destiny, and the goal of building a peaceful and prosperous community of nations.  (One notable exception to this was a kind of official silence regarding Poland and the Poles.  And, of course, the German media was vehemently anti-Jewish.)

In keeping with the outlook of Germany's wartime leadership, Goebbels instructed the German press, radio and newsreels to portray other nations and ethnic groups tactfully, and with regard for the sovereignty and national character of other peoples.  He stressed the importance of treating other nations and peoples with tact and respect. "It is therefore inappropriate to hurt the feelings of inner self-worth of these peoples, directly or indirectly, especially those of the eastern nationalities, particularly in public speeches or writings ... Stalin and the Bolshevik system should be attacked as bestial, but not the peoples who have been subdued by them.  "Following their systematic destruction by the Bolsheviks [in accord with Stalin's `scorched earth' order of July 1941], the occupied Eastern territories will be rebuilt under German leadership.  With the riches of the soil, this will secure, for the long-term future, freedom in food and raw materials, as well as the social advancement for Germany and all of Europe, and, thereby, also for the peoples living in the East."

In mid-March 1943, Goebbels reinforced these "guiding principles" in a talk to foreign journalists about the "new Europe." He said: "The severe measures that Germany has been forced by the war situation to introduce in the occupied Eastern territories are valid only for the duration of the war.  The new Europe will be held together not by compulsion, but rather it will built on the basis of free will.  There will be no dictatorship over the various nations of Europe.  Individual national identity will not be extinguished ... No European country will be obliged to introduce any particular social-political system.  If countries want to hold on to their traditional democracy, that's their own business." Goebbels and the German media told the truth, while American officials and the US media told lies.  Contrary to the propaganda image that many have come to accept, Goebbels was successful as a publicist and spokesman not because he was a master of the "Big Lie," but rather as a result of his regard for accuracy and truth.

In an important address given in September 1934 in Nuremberg, he said: "Propaganda can be pro or con. In neither case does it have to be negative.  The only thing that is important is whether or not its words are true and genuine expressions of a people's values ... Good propaganda does not need to lie, indeed it may not lie.  It has no reason to fear the truth.  It is a mistake to believe that people cannot take the truth.  They can.  It is only a matter of presenting the truth to people in a way that they will be able to understand.  A propaganda that lies proves that it has a bad cause.  It cannot be successful in the long run."

In an article written in 1941, Goebbels cited examples of recklessly inaccurate British wartime claims, and went on to charge that British propagandists had adopted the "big lie" technique, which Hitler had condemned in his book Mein Kampf.  Goebbels wrote: "The English follow the principle that when one lies, one should lie big, and stick to it. They keep up their lies, even at the risk of looking ridiculous."

The postwar image of Goebbels as a master dissembler is itself a propaganda distortion, explains French scholar Jacques Ellul in his classic study, Propaganda.  He writes: "There remains the problem of Goebbels' reputation.  He wore the title of Big Liar (bestowed by Anglo-Saxon propaganda) and yet he never stopped battling for propaganda to be as accurate as possible.  He preferred being cynical and brutal to being caught in a lie.  He used to say: `Everybody must know what the situation is.'  He was always the first to announce disastrous events or difficult situations, without hiding anything.  The result was a general belief between 1939 and 1942 that German communiqués not only were more concise, clearer and less cluttered, but were more truthful than Allied communiqués ... and, furthermore, that the Germans published all the news two or three days before the Allies.  All this is so true that pinning the title of Big Liar on Goebbels must be considered quite a propaganda success."

In a letter to his stepson written just days before his death, Goebbels expressed confidence that truth would ultimately prevail: "Do not let yourself be disconcerted by the worldwide clamor that will now begin.  There will come a day, when all the lies will collapse under their own weight, and truth will again triumph."

 June Grand Prix of Germany

June 18, 1934 -Joseph Stalin sends to Berlin the Jew Jacques Suritz as Ambassador.  Suritz helped Turkey became the first firm ally of the Soviet Union the last autumn, when Dictator Kemal celebrated the tenth year of his republic.

June 21 1934: The Hessian Education Ministry orders the exclusion of the Jewish Bible from the Protestant religious educational curriculum.  It is replaced with passages from the New Testament.

President Hindenburg together with the Defense Minister von Blomberg told Hitler: “Deal strongly with the SA or the army will take over”.  Hitler agreed and purged the SA.  The conservatism of the militaries, the general conscription, rearmament and the fact that the Army increased twenty fold between 1933 and 1939 made most militaries positive to the NSDAP and Hitler.

****June 30, 1934 - The "Röhm-putsch" (Night of the Long Knives) The Sturmabteilung (Storm Detachment or battalion, abbreviated SA and usually translated as Stormtroop(er)s, functioned as a paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party.  It played a key role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1920s and 1930s.  SA men were often called "brownshirts".  Originally an adjunct to the SA, the Schutzstaffel (SS) was placed under the direct control of Heinrich Himmler in part to restrict the power of the SA and their leaders.  Although some of these conflicts were based on personal rivalries, there were also key socioeconomic conflicts between the SS and SA. SS members generally came from the middle class, while the SA had its base among the unemployed and working class.  Politically speaking, the SA were more radical than the SS, with its leaders arguing the Nazi revolution had not ended when Hitler achieved power, but rather needed to implement socialism in Germany.

However, Adolf Hitler had his own reasons for wanting Röhm removed.  Powerful supporters of Hitler had been complaining about Röhm for some time.  The generals were fearful due to knowing Röhm's desire to have the SA, a force of over 3 million men, absorb the much smaller German Army into its ranks under his leadership.  The German army, under Versailles, was restricted at 100,000.  Further, reports of a huge cache of weapons in the hands of SA members, gave the army commanders even more concern.  Industrialists, who had provided the funds for the Nazi victory, were unhappy with Röhm's socialistic views on the economy and his claims that the real revolution had still to take place. Matters came to a head in June 1934 when President von Hindenburg, who had the complete loyalty of the Army, informed Hitler that if he didn't move to curb the SA then Hindenburg would dissolve the Government and declare martial law.

The names of eighty-five victims (?) are known, however, estimates place the total number killed at between 150 and 200 persons.  While some Germans were shocked by the killing, many others saw Hitler as the one who restored "order" to the country.  Goebbels's propaganda highlighted the "Röhm-Putsch" in the days that followed. The homosexuality of Röhm and other SA leaders was made public to add "shock value" even though the sexuality of Röhm and other named SA leaders had actually been known by Hitler and other Nazi leaders for years.

 Ernst Julius Röhm was the SA commander.  Roehm was invited to commit honorable suicide, but refused.  "In a speech on July 13, Hitler alluded to Röhm's homosexuality and explained the purge as chiefly defense against treason. (see 1920)

Hitler preempts homosexual Ernst Roehm’s potential Second Revolution of the Left, killing a couple of hundred (or possibly a revisionist figure of just 9?!) of potential opponents.

  Otto Johann Maximilian Strasser (9/10, 1897– 8/27, 1974) was a German politician and 'left-wing' member of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) who rejected some of Adolf Hitler's ideas and more right-wing economic tendencies.  Strasser subsequently formed his own faction within the Nazi Party, along with his brother, Gregor Strasser, and eventually broke away from the Nazi Party altogether, forming the Black Front.  Gregor Strasser (5/31, 1892 – 6/30, 1934) was a politician of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). He was murdered in Berlin during the Night of the Long Knives.

 Kurt von Schleicher (4/7 1882 – 6/30 1934) was a German general and the last Chancellor of Germany during the era of the Weimar Republic.  In his last months, Schleicher was instrumental in attempts to negotiate the return of the House of Hohenzollern.  Fearing this would lead to his overthrow and the collapse of his regime, Hitler had considered Schleicher a target for assassination for some time.  When, on 30 June 1934, the Night of the Long Knives occurred, Schleicher was one of the chief victims.  In his speech to the Reichstag on July 13 justifying his actions, Hitler denounced Schleicher for conspiring with Ernst Röhm to overthrow the government.

 Edgar Julius Jung (March 6, 1894 – July 1, 1934) was a German lawyer born in Ludwigshafen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.  He was a leader of the Conservative Revolutionary movement in Germany, which stood not only in opposition to the Weimar Republic, whose parliamentarian system he considered decadent and foreign-imposed, but also to the mass movement of Nazism.  [Jew?]

 Summer Horse Racing:

Brown Band/Ribbon (scarf) Horse racing was in Munich.  It was a flat race over 2400 meters for three year olds and was the international finale of the "brown-band-weeks" with about twenty other flat and steeplechase races.  They were held in July between 1934 and 1944.  From 1937 there was also a competition for show jumping.

Vienna Horse Race (1940-1944)

German Derby (since 1869) is run at Hamburg-Horn over a distance of (about 1½ miles), and is in July.  It is Germany's equivalent of the Epsom Derby, a famous race in England.  (?) It was also called the Blue Ribbon Horse Race. 

 Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (10/2, 1847 – 8/2, 1934) was a Prussian/German field marshal, statesman, and politician, and served as the second President of Germany from 1925 to 1934.  Hindenburg enjoyed a long career in the Prussian Army, retiring in 1911.  He was recalled at the outbreak of World War I, and first came to national attention, at the age of 66, as the victor at Tannenberg in 1914.  As Germany's Chief of the General Staff from 1916, he and his deputy, Erich Ludendorff, rose in the German public's esteem until Hindenburg came to eclipse the Kaiser himself.  Hindenburg retired again in 1919, but returned to public life one more time in 1925 to be elected as the second President of Germany.   Hindenburg, at 84, was persuaded to run for re-election in 1932, as he was considered the only candidate who could defeat Adolf Hitler.  Hindenburg was re-elected in a runoff but nonetheless played an important role in the Nazi Party's rise to power, dissolving parliament twice in 1932 and eventually appointing Hitler as Chancellor in January 1933.  In February, he issued the Reichstag Fire Decree which suspended various civil liberties, and in March he signed the Enabling Act, in which parliament gave Hitler's administration legislative powers.  Hindenburg died the following year, after which Hitler declared the office of President vacant and, as "Führer und Reichskanzler", made himself head of state.

During 1933 and 1934, Hitler was very aware of the fact that President Hindenburg was his only superior as well as the Supreme Commander-In-Chief of the German armed forces, and given that Hindenburg was a revered figure in the German Army, that if the President decided to remove Hitler as Chancellor, there was little doubt that the Reichswehr would side with Hindenburg.  Thus, as long as Hindenburg was alive, Hitler was always very careful to avoid offending him.

However, both the Reichswehr and business conservatives continued their anti-SA complaints to Hindenburg.  In early June 1934, defence minister Werner von Blomberg, on Hindenburg's behalf, issued an ultimatum to Hitler: unless political tension ended in Germany, Hindenburg would likely declare martial law and turn over control of the country to the army.  Knowing such a step could forever deprive him of power, Hitler decided to carry out his pact with the Reichswehr to suppress the SA. This meant a showdown with Röhm.  In Hitler's view, the army and the SA constituted the only real remaining power centres in Germany that were independent in his National Socialist state.

 July 25, 1934 – Austrian Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss.  Engelbert Dollfuss (10/4, 1892 – 7/25, 1934) was an Austrian Christian (Catholic) Social and Patriotic Front statesman.  He served as the chancellor of Austria from 1932, and was dictator from 1933 until his assassination by Nazi agents in 1934.  From March 1933 onwards he governed as dictator by emergency decree with absolute power.  One motive of Dollfuss' actions was that with Adolf Hitler becoming German Chancellor in 1933, it looked increasingly likely that the Austrian National Socialists (DNSAP) would gain a significant minority in future elections. The DNSAP wanted union with Germany.  Also, the Soviet Union's influence in Europe had increased throughout the 1920s and early 1930s.  Dollfuss thus banned the DNSAP in June 1933 and the communists later on.  Under the banner of Christian Social Party, he later on established a one-party dictatorship rule largely modeled after fascism in Italy, banning all other Austrian parties including the Social Democrats.

Due to Austrofascism's modeling after Italian fascism, Dollfuss looked to Italy to guarantee Austria's independence by Italy in August 1933.  He also exchanged 'Secret Letters' with Mussolini about ways to guarantee Austrian independence.  Mussolini was interested in Austria forming a buffer zone against Nazi Germany.  Dollfuss always stressed the similarity of Hitler's and Stalin's regime (which they were not), and was convinced that Austrofascism under his reign and Italofascism under Mussolini could counter both National Socialism and communism in Europe. Dollfuss was assassinated in July 25, 1934.  A reason for the failure of the Nazi putsch was Italian intervention.  Mussolini assembled the Italian army on the Austrian border and threatened Hitler with a war with Italy in the event of a German invasion of Austria as originally planned.  The assassination of Dollfuss was accompanied by Nazi uprisings in many regions in Austria.  Kurt Schuschnigg became the new chancellor of Austria.

Aug 2 - German President Hindenburg dies.

The Fifth Baptist World Alliance Congress was held in Berlin, Germany August 4-10, 1934.  The Congress was held in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the first Baptist congregation in Germany founded in April 1834 by Johann Gerhard Oncken in Hamburg.  Before their arrival in Berlin the delegates attended the Passion Play at Oberammergau in celebration of the play’s three hundredth anniversary.  The gathering of Baptists had thousands of attendees from close to sixty nations including Reverend Michael King of Atlanta, Georgia, the father of Martin Luther King, Jr. Although Hitler did not address the Congress he sent the delegates a telegram thanking them on their resolution of sympathy on the recent death of President Paul von Hindenburg.  One American delegate wrote of his experiences at the congress stating: “It was a great relief to be in a country where salacious sex literature cannot be sold; where putrid motion pictures and gangster films cannot be shown.  The new Germany has burned great masses of corrupting books and magazines along with its bonfires of Jewish and communistic libraries.”  At the Berlin meeting George Washington Truett--a minister from North Carolina--was elected president of the Baptist World Alliance and served until 1939.

 Monroe Elmon Dodd, Sr. (9/8, 1878 – 8/6, 1952), was an American Southern Baptist clergyman who was a pioneer radio preacher, the pastor of the First Baptist Church of Shreveport, Louisiana, the founder of the former Dodd College, and the president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 1934 to 1935.  He is considered the father of the SBC Cooperative Program to fund foreign missionaries.  Dodd became famous for attending the 1934 Baptist World Alliance meeting in Berlin.  Dodd excused Hitler's anti-semitism justifying it because of Jewish links with communism.  Dodd considered Jews in Germany "outside agitators".

 Aug 19, 1934 – Chancellor Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of Germany.   About 95 percent of registered voters in Germany went to the polls and gave Hitler 38 million votes of approval (90 percent of the vote).  Thus Adolf Hitler could claim he was Führer of the German nation by direct will of the people. Hitler now wielded absolute power in Germany, beyond that of any previous traditional head of state.

The Wehrmacht Oath of Loyalty to Adolf Hitler, August 2, 1934:  "I swear by God this sacred oath that to the Leader of the German empire and people, Adolf Hitler, supreme commander of the armed forces, I shall render unconditional obedience and that as a brave soldier I shall at all times be prepared to give my life for this oath."

Service oath for public servants: “I swear: I will be faithful and obedient to the leader of the German empire and people, Adolf Hitler, to observe the law, and to conscientiously fulfill my official duties, so help me God!”

How much power did Adolf Hitler have? 1. Hitler (orthodox view) was a strong leader who made all the major decisions. 2. Hitler (revisionist view) was a weak leader who did not get much involved in the government work.  He usually let somebody else make the decisions.  Hitler was mostly concerned with upholding his own prestige and personal authority.  3. Hitler (Ian Kershaw) was both a strong leader and a weak dictator.  He did usually not get involved in decisions but this did not show weakness rather the opposite.  By not getting involved he could always choose the “strongest” side in an eventual conflict.  His subordinates were eager to fulfill his wishes which meant that they competed for his approval – they “worked towards the Führer”.  Whenever Hitler intervened in any decision (which was rare) his view was always unchallenged.  [Hitler was respectfully challenged, by Military, Church, Business and close Nazi colleagues.  Choice 3 would also be revisionist.]

The Duality of the NaziState (Polycracy).  This was a deliberate choice by Nazi leaders.  Gordon Craig: ”the smoothly functioning Nazi state was never much more than a myth” - for government consisted largely of a jostling for influence between the old ministerial hierarchies and a variety of party bodies that sought to supervise or to control them.  Ministry of Finance and ministry of Economics worked fine because the head of each department (von Krosigk and Schacht) managed to preserve the traditions of these departments.  Party Chancellery (under Martin Bormann) infiltrated the Ministry of Interior (under Wilhelm Frick).  Foreign Office competed with the Nazi Bureau for Foreign Affairs (headed by Alfred Rosenberg) and with specialist agencies headed by Joachim von Ribbentrop (he became foreign minister 1938).  Local administration and Nazi provincial chiefs (Gauleiter) also experienced this dualism in the struggle over the power of the local government.  [This all seems like a bonus Checks and Balances.]

[Gordon Alexander Craig (11/13, 1913 – 10/30, 2005) was a Scottish-American historian of German history and of diplomatic history.  Not a fan of Hitler, he nonetheless he saw history not as a social science, but rather as a “human discipline”.  He censured those historians who saw their work as social science and frequently called for historians to return to the methods of former times by seeking to “interconnect” history and literature.  Craig was noted for his sparse, highly elegant literary style, together with a tendency to keep an ironic distance from his subjects.  He was very fond of German literature, and praised the novels of Theodor Fontane as the best portrayal of 19th century Germany, which he considered superior to many works produced by historians.

Theodor Fontane (12/30, 1819 – 9/20, 1898) was a German novelist and poet, regarded by many as the most important 19th-century German-language realist writer.  He was one of several authors who were referred to as a philosemitic Antisemites.  They created a positive Jewish character who gets bumped off or becomes absent.]

“Everyone who has had the opportunity to observe it knows that the Fuhrer can hardly dictate from above everything which he intends to realize sooner or later.  On the contrary, up till now everyone with a post in the new Germany has worked best when he has, so to speak, worked towards the Fuhrer.  Very often and in many spheres it has been the case – in previous years as well – that individuals have simply waited for orders and instructions.  Unfortunately, the same will be true in the future; but it is in fact the duty of everybody to try to work towards the Fuhrer along the lines he would wish.  Anyone who makes mistakes will notice it soon enough.  But anyone who really works towards the Fuhrer along his lines and towards his goal will certainly both now and in the future one day have the finest reward in the form of the sudden legal confirmation of his work.” -Werner Willikens, State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Agriculture.  Statement made to meeting of state agricultural representatives on Feb 21, 1934.

 The Reichstag was more composed of Nazi representatives each succeeding year.  Hitler the Leader would persuade their voting by his oratory.  Kaiser Wilhelm I established the first permanent Reichstag in 1884 outside the city’s walls and the building was completed in 1894.  The Kaiser still had sole power to appoint the Chancellor, and parliament’s role was negligible.  The German Republic’s attempt at constitutional monarchy effectively ended in November of 1918.  Even the authority of the British monarch has diminished generationally, until it is just a figurehead.  In September of 1919 the Weimar Republic begins and the Legislators have Western-style authority for a mere 12 years.  (Talk about just 12 years of Hitler’s government!)  (I need more information on their duties throughout these Nazi-majority years.)

 In 1934 the Nazis began issuing stamps to mark their party rallies.  This is the first of the group; showing the Nuremberg castle with a swastika rising in the background.  Nuremberg held great significance during the Nazi Germany era.  Because of the city's relevance to the Holy Roman Empire and its position in the centre of Germany, the Nazi Party chose the city to be the site of huge Nazi Party conventions–the Nuremberg rallies.  The rallies were held annually from 1927 to 1938 in Nuremberg.  After Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge state propaganda events, a center of Nazi ideals.  Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl (8/22, 1902 – 9/8, 2003) was a German film director, actress and dancer widely noted for her aesthetics and innovations as a filmmaker.  Her most famous film was Triumph of the Will, a film made at the 1934 Nuremberg congress of the Nazi Party. 

9/26 Black nationalists in New York City begin boycotting Jewish owned shops and businesses.

"Marxism is the modern form of Jewish prophecy." (Reinhold Niebuhr, Speech before the Jewish Institute of Religion, NY 10/3, 1934) Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (June 21, 1892 – June 1, 1971) was an American theologian and commentator on public affairs.  Niebuhr was the archetypal American intellectual of the Cold War era.  Starting as a leftist minister in the 1920s indebted to theological liberalism, he shifted to the new Neo-Orthodox theology in the 1930s, explaining how the sin of pride created evil in the world.  He attacked utopianism as useless for dealing with reality, writing in The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness (1944):  "Man's capacity for justice makes democracy possible; but man's inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary."  His realism deepened after 1945 and led him to support American efforts to confront Soviet communism around the world.  A powerful speaker and lucid author, he was the most influential religious leader of the 1940s and 1950s in American public affairs.  Niebuhr battled with the religious liberals over what he called their naïve views of sin and the optimism of the Social Gospel, and battled with the religious conservatives over what he viewed as their naïve view of Scripture and their narrow definition of "true religion."

11/11 Father Charles Coughlin founds the National Union of Social Justice in America.

“Erika” is a marching song of the German military.  The song was composed by Herms Niel in the 1930s specifically for the Waffen-SS, but it soon came into usage by the Wehrmacht in general, especially the Heer and, to a lesser extent, the Kriegsmarine.  The name "Erika" had been derived from the heather plant.  Vast heather-yards are one of the proud symbols of German natural heritage.  The song has also become traditional by the highly Prussianized Chilean Army.:  On the heath a little flower blooms and it's called: Erika. Hot from a hundred thousand little bees that swarm over Erika because her heart is full of sweetness, her flowery dress gives off a delicate scent. On the heath a little flower blooms and it's called: Erika. / 2)  Back home lives a little blonde girl and she's called: Erika. This girl is my faithful little darling and my happiness, Erika. When the flower on the heath blooms red-lilac, I sing her this song in greeting. On the heath a little flower blooms and it's called: Erika. / 3) Another little flower blooms in my small room and it's called: Erika. Already in the first rays of the morning, as well as at dusk, it looks at me, Erika. And then it seems to me it speaks aloud: "Are you also thinking of your little bride?" Back home a little girl weeps for you and she's called Erika.

 1934 Mary Poppins written by Pamela Lyndon Travers OBE (born Helen Lyndon Goff) (8/9, 1899 – 4/23, 1996) was an Australian novelist, actress and journalist.  She was involved with the British far Right in the late 1930s.  P. L. Travers, wrote book reviews for the New Pioneer, an unashamedly anti-Semitic monthly magazine run by John Beckett, an occasional ally of Oswald Mosley and founder of the fascist British People’s Party.

 John Louis Spivak (6/13, 1897 – 9/30, 1981), an Jew socialist and later communist reporter and author, wrote about the problems of the working class, racism, and the spread of fascism and anti-Semitism in Europe and the United States.  Most of his writings date from the 1920s and 1930s.  He lived under a pseudonym during the 1950s and 1960s, emerging again to publish his autobiography in 1967 and work as a journalist in the 1970s.  In the 1930s Spivak investigated the rise of fascism.  He was particularly interested in fascist infiltration in the United States, and worked with several anti-fascist and Jewish groups to expose German and Japanese propagandists and spies.  His 1934 book “Plotting America's Pogroms” investigated Nazi groups in the United States, and he continued his reports with “Europe Under the Terror” (1936), which interviewed members of the anti-Nazi underground in Rome, Vienna, Berlin, Warsaw, and Prague.  Spivak exposed a group of fascist sympathizers who were trying to foment a revolution in Mexico in order to divert American attention from Germany and Japan.  His 1940 book, “The Shrine of the Silver Dollar”, led to the downfall of the anti-Semitic broadcaster, Father Charles Coughlin. Spivak's many exposés led the crusader and muckraker Lincoln Steffens to name him "the best of us."  Of course he was funded, publicized and distributed by leftist Jews.

1934 1/29 The Pro-Communist New Masses publishes an article entitled "Wall Street's Fascist Conspiracy" by John L. Spivak.  This article claims that the Warburg family is involved in a fascist conspiracy with the J.P Morgan international banking interests, has opposed the anti-Nazi boycott and controls the American Jewish Committee, while at the same time their Kuhn Loeb and Co. in New York is underwriting Nazi shipping and industrialization.  

Michael Prawdin (Michael Charol) (1/20, 1894-1970), a Russian-German historical writer.  In 1934 he made a plea for the 'factual novel' and wrote “Genghis Khan: The Storm Out of Asia” (1934).  Prawdin made himself an international reputation with two books on Genghis Khan.  From 1938, Heinrich Himmler ordered a copy given to every SS leader; the book appears to have encouraged Adolf Hitler to claim inspiration from Genghis Khan.  Tschingis-Chan und sein Erbe, 1935. Translated by Eden and Cedar Paul as The Mongol Empire: its rise and legacy, 1937.

  Baptist assembly in Düsseldorf, 1934

 Set of 9 stamps showing the professions; Business, Farming, Building, Chemistry, a Judge, etc.:

                 

 1934 Loch Ness –The image was revealed as a hoax in the 1990s.  The photographer, a gynecologist named Robert Kenneth Wilson, never claimed it to be a picture of the monster.  He merely claimed to have photographed “something in the water”.  The photo is often cropped to make the monster seem huge, while the original uncropped shot shows the other end of the loch and the monster in the center.  Although Scientific skepticism reigned, Loch Ness is yet another example of how many were fooled, even ‘experts’.  One day the silly Jewish exaggerations of the Holocaust will be obliterated.

Quartet (Quartettspiel) card games were very popular with soldiers and civilians in Germany:

   Our State Motor Roads    

 

Greater Germany:

 Jewish children at a summer camp organized by the Reich Union of Jewish Frontline Soldiers, Germany, between 1934 and 1936.  (Reichsbund Juedischer Frontsoldaten,RJF), union of German Jewish war veterans, created in Feb 1919 by 40 Jewish soldiers who had served on the frontlines of the German army during WW I.  12,000 Jewish soldiers had died fighting for Germany.  The members of the RJF wanted to assimilate completely into German society, and thus considered the Zionists, who emphasized their uniqueness as Jews in their desire for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, to be their political enemies.  By 1933 the RJF had grown to include 30,000 members in 360 local union branches.  After Hitler rose to national power, the RJF tried to avoid being affected by the Nazis' anti-Jewish policies and attempted to win themselves a privileged status.  They were able to maintain their unique status until the racial Nuremberg Laws were passed in 1935, at which point they lost their preferential treatment.<-mainstream comment, there were many who stayed free.

 Built from 1934 to 1945, the Tempelhof airport in Berlin, even today is one of the three largest buildings on earth.  The airport was built in monumental Neo Classicism Style and integrates high-functional complexity in its gigantic structure (hotels, congress center, restaurants etc.) which was unique at that times.  The structure became a prototype for modern airports.

1935         1935         1935         1935

Hitler’s Residences: Berghof first row, Berlin Chancellery second row and confernece room

  

   

The Territory of the Saar Basin was occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate, with the occupation originally being under the auspices of the Treaty of Versailles.  It was economically dominated by France.

Saar (Rhineland) rejoined Germany with a plebiscite held on January 13, 1935: 90.3% of those voting wished to join Germany.

On March 21, 1945, the region was again occupied by France.  A referendum was held on October 23, 1955 which ended (direct or indirect) French rule, and shortly thereafter the Saarland once again re-joined Germany.

 "Germania", Allegory of a mother holding a smiling child.  Representing the return of the Saarland to Germany, 15 years after the Treaty of Versailles had granted it to France.

1935 1/13 The League of Nations supervises the plebiscite (referendum) in the Saar.  Ninety percent of the electors vote for a union with Germany.  Only ten percent vote for union with France.  1/17 The League of Nations formally awards the Saar region to Germany.

 “Triumph of the Will” is a film made by Leni Riefenstahl.  It chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg, which was attended by more than 700,000 Nazi supporters.  The film contains excerpts from speeches given by various Nazi leaders at the Congress, including portions of speeches by Adolf Hitler, interspersed with footage of massed party members.  Hitler commissioned the film and served as an unofficial executive producer; his name appears in the opening titles.  The overriding theme of the film is the return of Germany as a great power, with Hitler as the True German Leader who will bring glory to the nation.  Triumph of the Will was released in 1935.  Riefenstahl's techniques, such as moving cameras, the use of long focus lenses to create a distorted perspective, aerial photography, and revolutionary approach to the use of music and cinematography, have earned Triumph recognition as one of the greatest films in history.  Riefenstahl won several awards, not only in Germany but also in the United States, France, Sweden, and other countries.  The film was popular in the Third Reich and elsewhere, and has continued to influence movies, documentaries, and commercials to this day.

 Nazi Television: British television was ~1939-1941 and American television was only for the very rich.  German television began in 1935 with about 1000 households.  From 1936 until 1939 Germans in the Berlin area could watch a variety of programming by paying 1 Reichsmark admission to a special television theater.  A few sets were placed in these theaters which usually were adjacent to German post offices.  After the war started, TV sets were placed in military field hospitals so that wounded soldiers could watch programs.  This was the primary function of the German-run Paris station as well.  The soldiers usually saw cabarets and newsreels.   It had nearly a decade of well-publicized daily broadcasting to its credit, and over 160,000 television viewers of the 1936 Olympic Games and approximately 300,000 per annum at the television-intensive broadcasting exhibitions.  Television programming was also reasonably well developed.  In addition to broadcasting shortened feature films and documentaries, live drama, news and public affairs programs, exercise programs, sports and political rallies, children's shows, and variety constituted much of television's programming.  The broadcast day began with 1.5 hours in 1935 and steadily increased.  During the Olympics, for example, some 8 hours per day were broadcast rather than the 3 hours per day typical of 1936 . By the early 1940s, the day could last up to 6.5 hours, of which 1.5 hours were broadcast live.  Very little of this programming remains.  Some drama, sports, and news programs were broadcast live, ruling out their survival.  Probably not more than 600 working receivers were ever available, with many being used for research purposes.  Yet television broadcasting was public, and so too was its exhibition.  Berlin had (depending on the period) up to 25 television halls, most seating 40 people (with several halls accommodating hundreds), which the public could attend free of charge.  Unlike the British, German television  continued through the War.

 The German equivalent of USO entertainment for troops of the Waffen-SS and the Wehrmacht was the Truppenbetreuung der KdF or “Troop-Care Units” of the KdF section of the Deutsche Arbeitsfront.  Organized by Dr. Robert Ley along lines similar to the American USO, but 6 years earlier in 1935, the little-known KdF Truppenbetreuung had facilities in about 50 cities from Bordeaux and Paris in France and Tobruk in Africa to Rovaniemi in Finland, and from Naples in Italy to Kursk and Krasnodar deep in the Soviet Union.  With over 1000 artists participating, the KdF Truppenbetreuung brought Front Theater to German and allied Axis troops everywhere.  In the summer of 1935, KdF provided to the Wehrmacht low cost theater performances, concerts, variety, puppet, and marionette shows, lectures and craft lessons. 

 Much more was offered to the troops such as radios to listen to music and news.

 1935 Joan of Arc

Col. Ulrich Fleischhauer (under 1943) published in his famous book (“The Genuine Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” 1935) a picture of a rabbi performing the Kapores ritual against Adolf Hitler, reproducing a 1933 postcard printed in Poland by publisher S. Rieznik (Warsaw-New York) on the occasion of the Jewish New Year.  A Hebrew inscription on the right reads: “for good year”.  Another Yiddish inscription on the left tells us: “And a new, sweet year comes then we propose to sacrifice all, all Hitler-conductor with all (shock?) and care”.  These postcards were sent in huge quantities to different countries.

 

  (Lithography of a man holding fowl for Kapparot, late 19th/early 20th century) - Kapparot is a Jewish ritual practiced by some Jews on the eve of Yom Kippur.  The person swings a live chicken or a bundle of coins over one's head three times, symbolically transferring one's sins to the chicken or coins.  The chicken is then slaughtered and donated to the poor for consumption at the pre-fast meal.  Kapparah, means "atonement".  In the Jewish religious practice of Kapparot, a rooster literally becomes a religious and sacred vessel and is swung around the head and then sacrificed on the afternoon before Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement.  The religious practice is mentioned for the first time in 853 C.E.  In modern times, Kapparot is performed with a live chicken (rooster for men, hen for women), mainly in Haredi Jewish communities.  In other communities who perform the Kapparot ritual, money may be substituted for the chicken and then given to charity.  The ritual is preceded by reading Psalms 107:17-20 and Job 33:23-24. While swinging the chicken or money, the following paragraph is recited three times:  “This is my exchange, this is my substitute, this is my atonement. (This rooster (hen) will go to its death / This money will go to charity), while I will enter and proceed to a good long life and to peace.”

Michael Freund was a Nazi Party writer.  Freund's view was that Louis Napoleon was the only real revolutionist in 1848.  Freund wrote, "After the solemn republican respectablity of 1848 it seemed that only with the Napoleonic experiment did a great revolutionary élan appear on the stage of history".  "The state created by Napoleon was anti-socialist, but it was not the laissez-faire state of capitalism.  The social ideals of the disciples of Saint-Simon were given by Napoleon, for the first time, a military and authoritarian aspect."  "Napoleon III. Eine Betrachtung zur Krise der Democratie in Frankreich" (1934-35)

 1/25 1935 Bernarr Macfadden (see 1899) was an influential American proponent of physical culture, a combination of bodybuilding with nutritional and health theories.  In his Liberty magazine, he warned that the US wanted to go to War with Japan.  He wrote of Secretary of State Stimson as baiting Japan in issued mandates against the Shanghai and Manchuria situations.

  1935 "The racial composition of Jews."  Text reads: "The Jews are a mixture of alien Near Eastern, oriental, Hamite and Negroid races."  Poster no.55 in a series entitled, (Theory of Inheritance and Racial Hygiene).

  "The relationship between Jews and Freemasons." The text at the top reads: "World politics World revolution." The text at the bottom reads, "Freemasonry is an international organization beholden to Jewry with the political goal of establishing Jewish domination through world-wide revolution." The map, decorated with Masonic symbols (temple, square, and apron), shows where revolutions took place in Europe from the French Revolution in 1789 through the German Revolution in 1919.  This poster is no. 64 in a series entitled (Theory of Inheritance and Racial Hygiene), published by the (Publisher for National Literature), Stuttgart, ca. 1935.

 ****British-German Relationship:

The Cliveden Set were a 1930s right-wing, upper class group of prominent individuals politically influential in pre-World War II Britain, who were in the circle of Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor.  The name comes from Cliveden, the stately home in Buckinghamshire, which was then Astor's country residence.  Ironically, according to Carroll Quigley, the Cliveden Set had been strongly anti-German before and during World War I.  The actual beliefs and influence of the Cliveden Set is a matter of some dispute.  Prominent members- Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor ; Geoffrey Dawson, editor of the London Times newspaper ; Philip Kerr (Lord Lothian), author and politician ; Edward Wood (Lord Halifax), politician ; William Angus Drogo Montagu, 9th Duke of Manchester, politician ; Robert Brand

 Nancy Witcher Astor, Viscountess Astor, CH, (5/19, 1879 – 5/2, 1964) was the first woman to sit as a Member of Parliament (MP) in the British House of Commons.  Nancy Astor represented the Conservative Party and was the wife of Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor.  Several of her friends and associates, especially Lord Lothian (Philip Kerr), became heavily involved in the German appeasement policy; this group became known as the "Cliveden set". The term was first used in The Week, a newspaper run by the radical journalist Claud Cockburn, but over time the allegations became more elaborate.  Despite her anti-Catholicism, Lady Astor also had a friendship with Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., and the correspondence between them is reportedly filled with anti-Semitic language. As Edward J. Renehan, Jr. notes: “As fiercely anti-Communist as they were anti-Semitic, Kennedy and Astor looked upon Adolf Hitler as a welcome solution to both of these "world problems" (Nancy's phrase).... Kennedy replied that he expected the "Jew media" in the United States to become a problem, that "Jewish pundits in New York and Los Angeles" were already making noises contrived to "set a match to the fuse of the world." 

 The Anglo-German Fellowship was a group which existed from 1935 to 1939 and aimed to build up friendship with Germany; it was widely perceived as being allied to Nazism.  In a 1935 speech the Prince of Wales had called for a closer understanding of Germany in order to safeguard peace in Europe.  The organization was aimed at businessmen keen to promote commercial links.  Members included Bank of England director Frank Cyril Tiarks, Admiral Sir Barry Domvile, Prince von Bismarck, Governor of the Bank of England Montague Norman, Geoffrey Dawson editor of The Times.  However the organization had a pro-Nazi leaning, as well as a number of fascist members.  The spies Guy Burgess and Kim Philby, seeking to disguise their Communist affiliations, joined the AGF in the knowledge that it was widely perceived as allied to the far right.

The Link was established in July 1937 as an 'independent non-party organization to promote Anglo-German friendship'.  It generally operated as a cultural organization, although its journal, the Anglo-German Review reflected the pro-Nazi views of Admiral Sir Barry Domvile, and particularly in London it attracted a number of anti-Semites and pro-Nazis.  At its height the membership numbered around 4,300. The organization closed shortly after the start of World War II in 1939.  Admiral Sir Barry Domvile was interned in 1940 as someone who might "endanger the safety of the realm".  The Link was allegedly resurrected in 1940 by Ian Fleming, then working in the Department of Naval Intelligence, in order to successfully lure Rudolf Hess to Britain in May 1941.

 Kaiser behind King.  British-German History: Before the unification of Germany in 1871, Britain was often allied in wartime with Prussia.  The Hanoverian kings of England (from George I through William IV) were also the rulers of the German state of Hanover.  Queen Victoria married Albert, the German prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and their grandsons included the rulers of Britain, Germany and Russia in 1914.  Britain and Germany fought two wars--World War I and World War II--and since 1955 have been military allies in NATO.  Trade relations have been very strong since the late middle ages, when the German cities of the Hanseatic League traded with England.  Both nations are active in the EU.  Nowadays the countries have a very strong relationship of economic and political co-operation.  Germany Population 81,757,600 UK-62,041,708.  Germany Area 357,021 km2 (137,847 sq mi)  UK-244,820  km2 (94,526 sq mi ).  The interwar period was a period of appeasement, especially under Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.  Previously Britain had been involved in both the Locarno Treaties and Kellogg–Briand Pact which helped reintegrate Germany into Europe after the Treaty of Versailles.

The Royal family- According to myth, before the consolidation of England, British king Locrinus took a German wife named Estrildis.  Later, Vortigern took Rowena, which led to the invasion of the Kingdom of Britain by Hengist and Horsa, through their colony in the Kingdom of Kent.  England's first diplomatic relations with Germany were through the dynastic alliance pursued between Æthelberht of Kent and Charibert I, and were significantly augmented later under Offa of Mercia and Charlemagne.  Marital alliances were rare through the late 17th century as the Anglo-Saxons and Franks were allied due to Danish and Norman Viking attacks and colonization.  Germany was allied to Italy through the Holy Roman Empire.  In 1714, George I, a German-speaking Hanoverian prince of mixed British and German descent, ascended to the British throne, founding the House of Hanover.  Every British monarch from George I to George V took a Royal German consort.  A further indication of German heritage is the name Mountbatten. The British Royal family retained the German surname von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha until 1917, when, in response to anti-German feelings during World War I, it was legally changed to the more British "Windsor".  In the same year, members of the British Royal family members gave up any German titles they held, whilst their German relatives were stripped of any British titles they held by an Act of Parliament.

 From left: Cousins: Czar Nicholas II of Russia, King George V of Britain and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany.

 Henry William Williamson (12/1, 1895 – 8/13, 1977) was a prolific English author known for his natural and social history novels.  He was a father of environmentalism.  In 1935, Henry Williamson visited the National Socialist Congress at Nuremberg and was greatly impressed, particularly with the Hitler Youth movement, whose healthy outlook on life he compared with the sickly youth of the London slums.  He developed a great admiration for Hitler which he never really lost.

 “The causes of anti-Semitism lie in the very deepest recess of human nature... Anti-Semitism is so instinctive that it may quite simply be called one of the primal instincts by which the race helps to preserve itself against total destruction.  I cannot emphasize the matter too strongly.  Anti-Semitism is not, as Jews have tried to make the world believe, an active prejudice.  It is a deeply hidden instinct with which every man is born.  He remains unconscious of it, as of all other instincts of self preservation, until something happens to awaken it.  Just as when something flies in the direction of your eyes, the eye-lids close instantly and of their own accord.  So swiftly and surely is the instinct of anti-Semitism awakened in man.” Samuel Roth (Jew)- “Jews Must Live”.

“If the experiment for which Roosevelt is responsible should in any serious degree break down, as a result of the association with it of a number of eminent Jews there would be an outbreak of anti-Semitism in the United States more profound than anything Anglo-Saxon Civilization has so far known.”  Professor Harold J. Laski - statement in 1935.  Harold Joseph Laski (6/30, 1893 – 3/24, 1950) was an English Jew political theorist, economist, author, and lecturer, who served as the chairman of the Labour Party during 1945-1946.  His parents were Nathan Laski and Sarah Laski (née Frankenstein).  Nathan Laski was a Jewish cotton merchant and a member of the Liberal Party.

“But possibly one of the most notorious figures connected with London School of Economics is the Jew, Professor Harold Laski, who is an advocate of revolution.  He has also stated that Socialism can never be introduced in Britain until the Monarchy is removed.” -Eric D. Butler – “The Int’l Jew-The Truth about ‘the Protocols of Zion’” page 74.  Eric Dudley Butler (1916 -6/7, 2006), Australian political activist and journalist, was the founder of the Australian League of Rights.  Butler was born in the Victorian country town of Benalla, although he lived most of his life near Melbourne. In the 1930s he became a follower of the British economist C. H. Douglas and his Social Credit theories.  From 1938 Butler wrote for the Australian Social Credit newspaper New Times.

 - Mircea Eliade (3/13, 1907 – 4/22, 1986) was a Romanian historian of religion, fiction writer, philosopher, and professor at the University of Chicago.  One of his most influential contributions to religious studies was his theory of Eternal Return, which holds that myths and rituals do not simply commemorate hierophanies, but, at least to the minds of the religious, actually participate in them.  In academia, the Eternal Return has become one of the most widely accepted ways of understanding the purpose of myth and ritual.  Early in his life, Eliade was a noted journalist and essayist, a disciple of Romanian far right philosopher and journalist Nae Ionescu, and member of the literary society Criterion.  He also served as cultural attaché to the United Kingdom and Portugal.  Several times during the late 1930s, Eliade publicly expressed his support for the Iron Guard, a fascist and antisemitic political organization. 

 (see 3/1, 1932) The Kidnapping of 18 month old Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Jr.  After an investigation that lasted more than two years, Bruno Richard Hauptmann (11/26, 1899 – 4/3, 1936) was a German ex-convict sentenced to death for the abduction and murder.  The trial was held from 1/2 to 2/13, 1935, and became known as "The Crime of the Century".   German-American carpenter Hauptman is framed.  There are stories of Jewish intrigue.  Press whips up anti- German hysteria.  Father of 1991 Gulf War Norman Schwarzkopf was a major police figure in these actions.  For more than fifty years, Hauptmann's widow fought with the New Jersey courts to have the case re-opened without success.  In 1982, the 82-year-old Anna Hauptmann sued the State of New Jersey, various former police officers, the Hearst newspapers which had published pre-trial articles insisting on Hauptmann's guilt, and former prosecutor David T. Wilentz (then 86 years old), for over $100 million in wrongful-death damages.  She claimed that the newly-discovered documents proved misconduct by the prosecution and manufacture of evidence by government agents, all of whom were biased against Hauptmann because he happened to be of German ethnicity.  In 1983, the U.S. Supreme Court refused her request that the federal judge considering the case be disqualified because of judicial bias, and in 1984 the judge dismissed her claims.  Anna Hauptmann died on October 10, 1994.  Others have also disagreed with the original judgment.

Meanwhile in Germany, once political consolidation (Gleichschaltung) was in place, the Nazis turned their attention to foreign policy with several increasingly daring acts.

By World War I, there were isolated groups of Germans or so-called Schwaben as far southeast as the Bosphorus (Turkey), Georgia, and Azerbaijan.  After the war, Germany's and Austria-Hungary's loss of territory and the rise of communism in the Soviet Union meant that more Germans than ever constituted sizable minorities in various countries.  German nationalists used the existence of large German minorities in other countries as a basis for territorial claims.  Ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) in newly created Czechoslovakia and Poland wanted to rejoin Germany.  The "Heim ins Reich" rhetoric of the Germans over the continued disjoint status of enclaves such as Danzig and East Prussia was an agitating factor in the politics leading up to World War II.

----------------------------------

1.2. 3.

1.“1935 - Saar Plebiscite!  We in the Saar are loyal - We stand for honor and the fatherland.  Are you thinking of us?”

2. “To Germany.”

3. Set of two stamps issued for the voting of whether the Saar should return to German control. The Stamps show the Saar in German Hands, and the German Eagle rising over a Swastika.

 March 16 Heroes' Memorial Day

Petain of France demanded a military draft to begin and it was passed by the government on March 16 1935. 

Four hours later, Hitler ignored the unpopular, allied Versailles Treaty and ordered Germany to re-arm, reintroducing military conscription.  The treaty had limited the German Reichswehr to 100,000 men with few arms.

These steps produced nothing more than official protests from the United Kingdom and France; they were more serious about enforcing the economic provisions of the treaty than its military restrictions.  Many Britons felt the restrictions placed on Germany in Versailles had been too harsh, and they believed that Hitler's aim was simply to undo the extremes of the treaty, not to go beyond that.  This sentiment was underscored by the signing of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, which authorized Germany to build a fleet one third the size of the Royal Navy.

Hitler moved troops into the demilitarized Rhineland on March 7, 1936.  But, as before, Hitler's defiance was met with inaction, despite Poland's proposal to put the Franco-Polish Military Alliance in action.  Hitler rearms the Luftwaffe.

March 20, 1935 Purim, the Jewish holiday of Revenge against Gentiles.  Jews throughout the world label specific enemies as Haman and Christianity in general as Haman.  Other episodes of revenge throughout the year could still be connected to the spirit of Purim.

Members of the Chug Ivri (Hebrew Club) in Berlin celebrate Purim with food and song.  On the wall is an advertisement for Juedische Rundschau, the newspaper of the German Zionist movement, 1935.

3/22, 1935, Robert H. Hemphill stated before  The US House's Committee on Banking & Currency in Washington D.C.: “... there has been for 200 years, since one certain man came into power as a financial genius, Mayer Anselm Rothschild, who was born in 1790—since he came into power there has been a constant, organized, shrewd conspiracy to convince the people of the world that this is not true, to convince men against their own judgment, against a thing which is self-evident. And that conspiracy has involved the press, it has involved the pulpit, it has involved our schools, a conspiracy to mislead people about the importance of a very simple thing—money.” “The interests who promote this confusion profit by retaining for themselves the monopoly of manufacturing our money.”

 April 10, 1935 The Göring Wedding, Only Christians perform Christian weddings, and the Nazis were no exception.  Hermann Göring married Emmy Sonnemann, a famous Opera star.  Adolf Hitler stands in the front row as "Best Man" during the ceremony in the Cathedral by Reichbishop Müller.

  Józef Klemens Piłsudski, (12/5, 1867– 5/12, 1935) was Chief of State (1918–22), "First Marshal" (from 1920) and (1926–35) the authoritarian leader of the Second Polish Republic.  Under Piłsudski, Poland maintained good relations with neighboring Romania, Hungary and Latvia.  Relations were strained with Czechoslovakia, however, and were still worse with Lithuania.   Relations with Weimar Germany and the Soviet Union varied over time, but during Piłsudski's tenure could for the most part be described as neutral.  Hitler repeatedly suggested a German-Polish alliance against the Soviet Union, but Piłsudski declined, instead seeking precious time to prepare for potential war with Germany or with the Soviet Union.  Hitler, who admired Piłsudski's leadership and his successful coup, also kept hoping to meet personally with Piłsudski, but again was rebuffed.  Just before his death, Piłsudski told Józef Beck that it must be Poland's policy to maintain neutral relations with Germany and keep up the Polish alliance with France, and to improve relations with the United Kingdom.

Żydokomuna (Yid-Commie) came into use between World Wars I and II, blaming Jews for the rise of communism in Poland, where communism was identified as part of a wider Jewish-led conspiracy to seize power.  The concept of a Jewish conspiracy threatening Polish social order dates to the pamphlet (The Year 3333, or the Incredible Dream) by Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, written in 1817 and published in 1858.  Accusations of Żydokomuna accompanied the incidents of anti-Jewish violence in Poland during Polish–Soviet War of 1920. In the period between the two world wars, the Żydokomuna myth grew concurrently in Poland with the myth of the "criminal Jew."  Niall Ferguson wrote: "The entire Polish population adopted a negative attitude towards the Jews because of their blatant cooperation with the Bolsheviks and their hostility against non-Jews...the people simply hate the Jews."  It continued in postwar Poland, because of the appointment of Jews to positions responsible for oppressing the populace.  Many regard Jewish disloyalty to Poland following the Soviet takeover.  Being encouraged by their Soviet advisors, many Jewish functionaries and government officials adopted new Polish-sounding names hoping to find less acrimony among their adversaries. "This practice often backfired and led to widespread speculation about 'hidden Jews' for decades to come."  The stereotype of Żydokomuna was reignited by Polish state propaganda as part of the 1968 Polish political crisis.  Post-communist Poland experienced more anti-Jewish mood, including allegations that Jews were to blame for Poland's "decline" during the communist years.

 Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (2/16 1893 – 6/12, 1937) was a Soviet military commander, chief of the Red Army (1925–1928), and one of the most prominent victims of Stalin's Great Purge of the late 1930s.  In 1935 Tukhachevsky was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union, aged only 42. In January 1936 Tukhachevsky visited Britain, France and Germany.  Worried over Tukhachevsky's growing influence, Stalin determined to eliminate him and seven other high-level Soviet military commanders.

"There is only one Power which really counts: The Power of Political Pressure.  We Jews are the most powerful people on Earth, because we have this power, and we know how to apply it." (Jewish Daily Bulletin, 7/27/1935)

"How do you account for the fact that so many young Jews may be found in the radical movements of all the lands?" (Michael Gold, New Masses, p. 15, May 7, 1935)

 T.E Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) - In May 1935 Britain was stunned by the news that their desert hero had been fatally injured when he crashed his 1,000cc Brough Superior motorbike near his cottage home at Bovington, Devon.  Press reports at the time claimed that Lawrence had swerved to avoid two cycling schoolboys. MI5 hit men had deliberately knocked Lawrence off his bike.   T.E Lawrence was a very close friend of Henry Williamson, the renowned Nobel Prize winner, author of Tarka the Otter and numerous articles in which he recounted his experiences in Flanders during World War One.  Like so many others of his generation and experiences, Williamson had emerged as an unrepentant admirer of the German servicemen and their country.  In common with many great contemporary intellectuals such as Robert Graves the equally revered author was determined that Britain should never again engage in a fratricidal war with the German side of our Aryan family of nations.  He was also a close friend and admirer of Sir Oswald Mosley and active in the British Union of Fascists, a decided threat to both the British establishment and to the Jewish/Marxist quest for world power.  It is highly significant that at the time of the crash Lawrence was on his way to visit Williamson at his home in North Devon.  They had arranged a meeting to discuss details of a proposed meeting with Adolf Hitler.  The German Chancellor was similarly apprehensive about the British war lobby's sabre rattling.  Equally significant, T.E Lawrence, still a national hero, was about to declare himself publicly as a Mosley supporter and join the ranks of the BUF with many other ex-servicemen.  The adherence of such a famed national hero to the one party that stood against war would undoubtedly have been a huge boost to the fortunes of the Mosley movement.  This was the last thing the war lobby wanted. (see 1922)

5/2-6 France and the Soviet Union sign the Pact of Mutual Assistance in case of unprovoked aggression. Hitler says it is obviously directed at Germany.

5/27 The U.S. Supreme Court rules that Roosevelt's National Recovery Act (NRA) is unconstitutional.

June 23 - July 3, 1935. Ostropa (East European Stamp Exhibition) issued for the Konigsberg International Exhibition:

        

1. Allenstein Castle   2.Tannenberg Denkmal   3. Königsberg Castle   4. Heilsberg Castle

7/1, 1935: Nazi Storm Troopers blowing ancient Nordic trumpets during the Nordic Association's second congress at the market place in Lubeck.

Adolf Hitler: The Life Of The Leader Introduction -- By Hermann Göring; Preface -- By Dr. Joseph Göbbels; The Leader's Travels -- By SS-Brigade Leader Julius Schreck; Farewell From The National Socialist German Workers' Party To Julius Schreck -- By Rudolf Heß; The Leader And The German Folk -- By Dr. Otto Dietrich; The Leader As An Orator -- By Dr. Joseph Göbbels; The Leader In His Private Life -- By SS Higher Group Leader Wilhelm Bruckner; The Leader As A Statesman -- By Dr. Joseph Göbbels; The Leader And The German Worker -- By Dr. Robert Ley; The Leader And The Arts -- By Dr. Joseph Göbbels; The Buildings Of The Leader -- By Architect Albert Speer; Adolf Hitler And His Roads -- By Inspector General Doctor Of Engineering Fritz Todt; Our Hitler: A Radio Broadcast -- The German Folk On The Leader's Birthday -- By Dr. Joseph Göbbels; The Leader And The Defence Force -- By Lieutenant Colonel Förtsch; The Leader And German Youth -- By Baldur von Schirach, Lead Of The Hitler Youth.  “We are unable, My Leader, to express our thanks in words. We are also unable to reveal our loyalty and our affection to you through words. All our gratitude, our love and our fervent trust in you, My Leader, can be seen glowing in the hundreds of thousands of faces turned towards you today. All our Folk, our whole nation, today feel strong and happy because in you there has arisen not on The Leader of the nation, but also the savior of the nation.” -The Reich Parliament President before the German Reich Parliament at Nürnberg on the 15th of September, 1935.

Summer Horse Racing: Blue Ribbon, Brown Ribbon, Vienna and about 20 others.

 June Grand Prix of Germany

Summer 1935 The All-Seeing Eye and Novus Ordo Seclorum (New Order or New Deal of the Ages)is added to the US dollar bill: “Roosevelt, as he looked at the colored reproduction of the Seal, was first struck with the representation of the "All Seeing Eye," a Masonic representation of The Great Architect of the Universe. Next he was impressed with the idea that the foundation for the new order of the ages had been laid in 1776, but that it would be completed only under the eye of the Great Architect.  Roosevelt like myself was a 32nd degree Mason.  He suggested that the Seal be put on the dollar bill rather than a coin and took the matter up with the Secretary of the Treasury.” - Henry A. Wallace

7/19 “On the Obscurantists of our Time: an Answer to the Attacks on the ‘Myth of the 20^th Century’” by Alfred Rosenberg.  

 William "Will" Penn Adair Rogers (11/4, 1879 – 8/15, 1935) was an American cowboy, comedian, humorist, social commentator, vaudeville performer, film actor, and one of the world's best-known celebrities in the 1920s and 1930s.  Known as Oklahoma's favorite son, Rogers was born to a prominent Cherokee Nation family in Indian Territory (now part of Oklahoma).  He traveled around the world three times, made 71 movies (50 silent films and 21 "talkies"), wrote more than 4,000 nationally-syndicated newspaper columns, and became a world-famous figure.  By the mid-1930s, Rogers was adored by the American people.  He was the leading political wit of the Progressive Era, and was the top-paid Hollywood movie star at the time.  Rogers died in 1935 with aviator Wiley Post, when their small airplane crashed in Alaska.  His vaudeville rope act led to success in the Ziegfeld Follies, which in turn led to the first of his many movie contracts. His 1920s syndicated newspaper column and his radio appearances increased his visibility and popularity.  Rogers crusaded for aviation expansion, and provided Americans with first-hand accounts of his world travels. His earthy anecdotes and folksy style allowed him to poke fun at gangsters, prohibition, politicians, government programs, and a host of other controversial topics in a way that was readily appreciated by a national audience, with no one offended.  On May 31, 1923, at a New York City event, American humorist and folk hero Will Rogers nominates automaker Henry Ford for U.S. president.  A pleasant conversation with Benito Mussolini turned Rogers into a fan. “I have never yet seen a thing that he has done that wasn’t based on common sense,” he said.  "I'm pretty high on that bird."  Also: “Dictator government is the greatest form of government…that is, if you have the right Dictator.”

Wiley Hardeman Post (11/22, 1898 – 8/15, 1935) was a famed American aviator, the first pilot to fly solo around the world. On June 23, 1931, Post and his navigator, flew around the world stopping and visiting in Berlin.  In 1933, he repeated his flight around the world (stopping in Berlin), this time using the auto-pilot and compass in place of his navigator and becoming the first to accomplish the feat alone.

 Huey Pierce Long, Jr. (8/30, 1893 – 9/10, 1935) nicknamed The Kingfish, served as the Governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a U.S. senator from 1932 to 1935.  A Democrat, he was noted for his radical populist policies.  Though a backer of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, Long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and allegedly planned to mount his own presidential bid.  Long created the Share Our Wealth program in 1934, with the motto "Every Man a King," proposing new wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty and crime resulting from the Great Depression.  To stimulate the economy, Long advocated federal spending on public works, public education, old-age pensions and other social programs.  He was an ardent critic of the Federal Reserve System's policies to reduce lending.  Charismatic and immensely popular for his social reform programs and willing to take forceful action, Long was accused by his opponents of dictatorial tendencies for his near-total control of the state government.  At the height of his popularity, Long was shot on September 8, 1935, by a Jewish doctor and received insufficient care by other Jewish doctors.  His last words were reportedly, "God, don't let me die. I have so much left to do."

8/9 Huey P. Long, U.S. Senator from Louisiana and Roosevelt's number one rival in the upcoming presidential elections, makes a speech in the Senate, telling his colleagues that the "Black Hand," led by Jews, has ordered his assassination at a meeting in a New Orleans hotel. (Congressional Record)  9/8 Huey P. Long is shot in the State Capitol at Baton Rouge by Dr. Carl Austin Weiss, a doctor of Jewish descent, less than a month after his speech in the Senate.  More than 10,000 people attend Weiss' funeral in Baton Rouge.

The Yiddish Black Hand or the Jewish Black Hand Association was a criminal organization that operated on New York's Lower East Side during the early 20th century, led by Jacob "Johnny" Levinsky. Around 1906, Levinsky, with Charles "Charley the Cripple" Vitoffsky and Joseph Toplinsky, began an extortion ring from their hangout at a Suffolk Street saloon, delivering anonymous letters signed as the "Yiddish Black Hand" threatening to steal or poison the horses of local pushcart vendors and other businessmen.  This method was used earlier by Neapolitan Camorristi, Sicilian mafiosi and others who preyed on Italian immigrants as the Black Hand.  Within three years, the ice cream manufacturers' association created a commercial fund from which they would annually pay off the organization.  By the end of 1913, having gained a virtual monopoly in their criminal activities, the three reorganized their criminal organization with Levinsky concentrating on extortion in the ice cream trade, Vitoffsky focusing on job offers between rival dealers and manufacturers of seltzer and soda while Toplinsky cornered the produce market, truckmen and livery stables.  Although the three often worked independently from each other, they did work together when hired out for specific jobs such as assault, theft, and murder for hire.  A member who had turned informant provided a description of their rates: Shooting, fatal - $500, Shooting, not fatal - $100, Poisoning a team - $50, Poisoning one horse - $35, Stealing a horse and a rig - $25

“Yiddish Black Hand” by Jesse Russell and Ronald Cohn (Jun 21, 2012)

  Sept 15, 1935 -****Nuremberg Race Laws  Zionist Jews state racial laws and enter agreement with Nazis for emigration to Palestine and assistance against British.  German national Jews stripped of certain assimilation rights.  (America also had prohibition of mixed marriages.)  ¼ Jews were considered full Germans.  Many ½ or full Jews were given clearance to be called Germans.  Hitler, himself, may have been ¼ Jew.  Several of his Cabinet were fractional Jews.  Jews were further stripped from government posts so that no dual allegiance would be allowed.  They were still granted full pensions.  Also the Zionist flag was allowed to fly and Zionist media and organizations were allowed to survive throughout the Third Reich.  These race laws were to determine to which race individuals belonged. 

9/16, 1935 The Nuremberg Laws classified people with four German grandparents as "German or kindred blood", while people were classified as Jews if they descended from three or four Jewish grandparents.  A person with one or two Jewish grandparents was a Mischling, a crossbreed, of "mixed blood".  These laws deprived Jews of German citizenship and prohibited marriage between Jews and other Germans.  The Nuremberg Laws also prevented "Jews" from participating in German civic life.  Conversion did not give relief.  These laws were both an attempt to return to the position that Jews had held before their emancipation in the 1840’s; although earlier Jews could have evaded restrictions by converting.

These restrictions had earlier been mostly abolished in the 1840s.  In the mid-19th century, the anti-Semitic völkisch movement appeared. Reflecting the strength of the völkisch movement, from 1892 when the so-called Tivoli Program was adopted, the Conservative Party formally advocated disemancipation of German Jews.  In his best-selling 1912 book (If I were the Kaiser), Heinrich Class urged that all German Jews be stripped of their German citizenship and be reduced to (alien status).  Class went on to urge that Jews be totally excluded from all aspects of German life with Class recommending that Jews be forbidden to own land, hold public office, and to participate in journalism, banking, and the liberal professions.

The seventh Nazi Party Rally was held in Nuremberg from September 10-6, 1935. It was meant to celebrate the Nazi regime's renunciation of Part V of the Treaty of Versailles in March 1935, which had disarmed Germany, hence its motto Party Rally of Freedom.  On September 15, 1935 Hitler declared the Nazi Swastika flag the national flag of Germany.  The Party Rally of September 1935 had featured the first session of the Reichstag held at that city since 1543. 

The first law, The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, prohibited marriages and extramarital intercourse between "Jews" (the name was now officially used in place of "non-Aryans") and "Germans" and also the employment of "German" females under forty-five in Jewish households.  The second law, The Reich Citizenship Law, declared those not of German blood to be (state subjects) while those classified as "Aryans" were (citizens of the Reich). 

Jews were forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors, but they were permitted to display the Jewish colors. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

    Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor (9/15, 1935)

    Entirely convinced that the purity of German blood is essential to the further existence of the German people, and inspired by the uncompromising determination to safeguard the future of the German nation, the Reichstag has unanimously resolved upon the following law, which is promulgated herewith:

    Section 1:     1. Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden. Marriages concluded in defiance of this law are void, even if, for the purpose of evading this law, they were concluded abroad.    2. Proceedings for annulment may be initiated only by the Public Prosecutor.

    Section 2:     Sexual relations outside marriage between Jews and nationals of German or kindred blood are forbidden.

    Section 3:    Jews will not be permitted to employ female citizens of German or kindred blood as domestic servants.

    Section 4:    1. Jews are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors.

    2. On the other hand they are permitted to display the Jewish colors. The exercise of this right is protected by the State.

    Section 5:    1. A person who acts contrary to the prohibition of Section 1 will be punished with hard labor.    2. A person who acts contrary to the prohibition of Section 2 will be punished with imprisonment or with hard labor.    3. A person who acts contrary to the provisions of Sections 3 or 4 will be punished with imprisonment up to a year and with a fine, or with one of these penalties.

    Section 6:    The Reich Minister of the Interior in agreement with the Deputy Fuhrer and the Reich Minister of Justice will issue the legal and administrative regulations required for the enforcement and supplementing of this law.

    Section 7:    The law will become effective on the day after its promulgation; Section 3, however, not until 1 January 1936.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

People defined as Jews could be barred from employment as lawyers, doctors or journalists.  Jews were prohibited from using state hospitals and could not be educated by the state past the age of 14.  Public parks, libraries and beaches were closed to Jews.  War memorials were to have Jewish names expunged.  Even the lottery could not award winnings to Jews.  With the ("Regulation of Name Changes") of August 17, 1938, Jews with first names of non-Jewish origin were required to adopt a middle name: "Sara" for women and "Israel" for men.  At the instigation of Swiss immigration official Heinrich Rothmund, passports of German Jews were required to have a large "J" stamped on them and could be used to leave Germany—but not to return.  The obligation to wear the yellow badge, introduced in German-occupied Poland in September 1939, was extended to all Jewish people living within the Nazi empire in September 1941.

Allies of the Nazis passed their own versions of the Nuremberg laws including The Law for Protection of the Nation in Bulgaria, in 1940 the ruling Iron Guard in Romania passed the Law defining the Legal Status of Romanian Jews, in 1941 the Codex Judaicus was enacted in Slovakia and in 1941 the Ustasha in Croatia also passed legislation defining who was a Jew and restricting contact with them.  Hungary passed its first "Jewish Law" in May 1938 banning Jews from various professions, further laws emulating the Nuremberg regulations were added in 1941.

The Law for protection of the nation was a Bulgarian law, effective from 1/23, 1941 to 11/27, 1944, which directed measures against Jews and others.  This law was passed along the example of the Nuremberg Laws in Nazi Germany.  The law ordered measures for: Changes in the names of Jews; Rules about their place of residence; Confiscation of their possessions; Their exclusion from the public service; Prohibition of economic and professional activity.  Citizens of Jewish origin were also banned from public areas, restricted economically, and marriages between Jews were prohibited.  This law suppressed all Freemasonry lodges and all other secret organizations.

Honorary Aryan is a term from Nazi Germany, which certified Non-Aryans as being honorarily part of the Aryan race.  Jews who had been decorated in WW I for military service were commemorated as "honorary Aryans" and left unmolested.  The same was true for Jews who held government positions before WWI.  The term was also sometimes ascribed to certain Jews for personal reasons.  Emil Maurice, an early member of the Nazi Party and founder of the SS, was pardoned after being declared an "honorary Aryan" by Adolf Hitler.  Erhard Milch, with the Luftwaffe was declared an "honorary Aryan" by Goering.    Goering  once said (I decide who is a Jew.). Many Jews were declared honorary Aryans.  (About 150,000 partial Jews fought for Hitler in WWII.)  Adolf Hitler had bestowed the title upon the Japanese following the Anti-Comintern Pact on Communism (signed in 1936), because of their apparent racial integrity.  In The Political Testament of Adolf Hitler, Hitler stated, “Pride in one's own race - and that does not imply contempt for other races - is also a normal and healthy sentiment.  I have never regarded the Chinese or the Japanese as being inferior to ourselves.  They belong to ancient civilizations, and I admit freely that their past history is superior to our own.  They have the right to be proud of their past, just as we have the right to be proud of the civilization to which we belong.  Indeed, I believe the more steadfast the Chinese and the Japanese remain in their pride of race, the easier I shall find it to get on with them.”  Hiroshi Ōshima, the Japanese Ambassador to Germany, believed that the noble castes in Japan, the Daimyo and the Samurai, were descended from gods of celestial origin,  which was similar to Himmler's own belief that "the Nordic race did not evolve, but came directly down from heaven to settle on the Atlantic continent."  Karl Haushofer, geopolitician, saw Japan as the brother nation to Germany calling them the "Aryans of the East", and even the ("Master race of the Orient").

An Aryan paragraph is a clause solely for members of the Aryan race and excludes from such rights any non-Aryans, particularly Jews or those of Jewish descent.  They were an essential aspect of public life in Germany and Austria from 1885 to 1945.  Countless German national sports-clubs, song societies, school clubs, harvest circles and fraternities followed suit to include Aryan paragraphs in their statutes.

 1935 – The 7th Party Congress "Rally of Freedom" at Nuremberg. (from Treaty of Versailles motif)

“Those who have met Herr Hitler face to face in public affairs or in social terms have been able to appreciate that this is a highly competent politician, weighted, knowledgeable, pleasant manners and a disarming smile.” (Winston Churchill, "Grand Contemporaries ", London 1935)

1935.   Afghanistan. Jewish Ritual Murder - The White Russian paper Nasch Put of Harbin, 7th October, reports a case in Afghanistan where a Mahommedan child was robbed and riddled with stabs by Jews, the Court verdict being that this was done for ritual purposes.

Alexis Carrel (6/28, 1873 – 11/5, 1944) was a French surgeon and biologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 for pioneering vascular suturing techniques.  He invented the first perfusion pump with Charles A. Lindbergh opening the way to organ transplantation. He is also known for making famous a miraculous healing at Lourdes by witnessing the event.  Like many intellectuals before World War II he promoted eugenics.  “There remains the unsolved problem of the immense number of defectives and criminals.  They are an enormous burden for the part of the population that has remained normal.  Gigantic sums are now required to maintain prisons and insane asylums and protect the public against gangsters and lunatics.  Why do we preserve these useless and harmful beings?  The abnormal prevent the development of the normal.  Why should society not dispose of the criminals and the insane in a more economical manner? … Perhaps prisons should be abolished.  They could be replaced by smaller and less expensive institutions.  The conditioning of petty criminals with the whip, or some more scientific procedure, followed by a short stay in hospital, would probably suffice to insure order.  Those who have murdered, robbed while armed with automatic pistol or machine gun, kidnapped children, despoiled the poor of their savings, misled the public in important matters, should be humanely and economically disposed of in small euthanasic institutions supplied with proper gases.  A similar treatment could be advantageously applied to the insane, guilty of criminal acts.  Modern society should not hesitate to organize itself with reference to the normal individual.  Philosophical systems and sentimental prejudices must give way before such a necessity.”  Hitler’s doctor, Karl Brandt, in his trial in Nuremberg, offered this book in his defense.  “Man the Unknown”, 1935.  In the 1936 preface to the German edition of his book, Alexis Carrel added a praise to the eugenics policies of the Third Reich, writing that: “(t)he German government has taken energetic measures against the propagation of the defective, the mentally diseased, and the criminal. The ideal solution would be the suppression of each of these individuals as soon as he has proven himself to be dangerous.”

 Abraham Vereide (10/7, 1886 – 5/16, 1969) was a Norwegian-born Methodist clergyman and founder of Goodwill Industries of Seattle.  In 1935, Vereide founded the Prayer Breakfast movement in the US.  In 1942, Vereide established International Christian Leadership, incorporated as Fellowship Foundation, in Chicago.  He was the executive director of this organization until his death.  In 1953, Vereide started the Presidential Prayer Breakfast, later called the National Prayer Breakfast.  (See 1995 and Doug Coe)

1935. For 2600 years, in all Western languages today's Iran was known as "Persia", a word that was different from the word used in Persian, which was always "Iran".  There are many other examples of such naming conventions in the world.  Indians call their country "Bharat", Egyptians call their land "Missr", in Finland they call their country "Suomi", the Japanese call their country "Nihon", and Germans call their country "Deutschland".  The Persian ambassador to Germany, who was a Nazi sympathizer, became convinced that the country should be called by its Persian name, Iran, in Western languages.  This was to signal a new beginning and bring home to the world the new era in Iranian history, one that would emphasize the Aryan aspect of its people.  The name Iran is a cognate of the old word Aryan.

  12/12 1935 Lebensborn (Spring of Life) was a Nazi program set up by Heinrich Himmler that provided maternity homes and financial assistance to the wives of SS members and to unmarried mothers, and also ran orphanages and relocation programs for children.  Initially set up in Germany in 1935, Lebensborn expanded into several European countries.  In occupied countries, thousands of women facing social ostracism because they were in relationships with German soldiers and had become pregnant, had few alternatives other than applying for help with Lebensborn.  After the War, it was propagandized that Lebensborn was a breeding program.  During the war, Lebensborn also processed the adoptions by German families of children from occupied northern and eastern Europe, mostly orphans. The Lebensborn was founded to halt the high abortion rate (as high as 800,000 per year in the interwar period) and falling birth rates in Germany, and to promote Nazi positive eugenics.  About 8000 children were born in Lebensborn homes in Germany and 8000–12,000 children in Norway.  Although this was not their original purpose, the Lebensborn homes were also used to house very young orphan Polish children (between two and six) to be Germanized.  While older children were sent to institutions specifically dedicated to Germanization, the younger ones would merely be observed for a time at the home before adoption.   The majority of those children in any way connected with Lebensborn were orphans of ethnic Germans.  After Germany's surrender, the press reported on the unusually good weight and health of the "super babies".  They spent time outdoors in sunlight and received two baths a day.  Everything that contacted the babies was sterilized first.  Nurses ensured that they ate everything given to them.  The babies were christened.

"The N. Y. Board of Jewish Ministers has opposed Easter and Christmas celebrations."-Jewish Communal Register (1918)  "We want all this Christmas propaganda stopped.  The masses of Jewish people in America have a right to demand from the educational system in the United States that it keep Christmas out of the public schools." NY Jewish news, "The Day," 12/14, 1935.

  Hitler Youth Meeting showing a trumpet with a banner sporting the Hitler Youth, "Sig-rune" symbol.

       Set of four highlights German locomotive technology from the early 1800s.  Showing "The Eagle," a modern express train, the "Hamburg Flyer," and a modern locomotive.

1935 set highlights German Composers, Heinrich Schultz, Bach and Handel.    

 Celebrating the first of the Young Workers Competition stamps, they show a wreath and Swastika.

 Women's Regional Costumes-1935 set of 10 showing regional traditional dress:

                  

1.Ostpreußen   2.Schlesien   3.Rheinland   4.Niedersachsen   5.Kurmark   6.Schwarzwald   7.Hessen   8.Oberbayern   9.Friesland   10.Oberfranken

****More Jewish Persecution and Accomodation (to force Jews to emigrate.): 1935: 5/31 All Jews are excluded from conscription in the German army.  6/19 The German consulate in Palestine warns Jews not to return to Germany, even for a short visit, because the Gestapo will arrest them and put them in concentration camps for "special education."  11/1 The German citizenship of Jews is officially revoked.  The Nazi government announces that the Nuremberg Laws apply to all Jews, German or foreign, without exception.

  Walter Frank (2/12, 1900 – 5/9, 1945) was a historian, notable for his leading role in anti-Semitic research.  He was director of the (Reich Institute for History of the New Germany) from its opening in 1935. The institute's goal was to create a new, proper, Nazi historiography and study the "Jewish question"; this area had its own sub-institute from 1936.  Notable historians working in the institute included Karl Alexander von Müller, Erich Marks and Heinrich von Srbik.  Frank committed suicide in 1945, believing the world to be senseless after the death of Hitler.

  'Knight' (ca. 1935)  'Victory or defeat rests in God's hands/But we are masters and king of our honor.'  Caption  

 Georg Sluyterman of Langeweyde (4/13, 1903 -1/5, 1978) was a German graphic artist, painter and songwriter.

Sluyterman became a Nazi party member in 1928.  He designed posters, vignettes and cartoons.  Characteristic are his woodcuts and linocuts, depicting the life of the Ruhr workers or peasants of Lower Saxony and the landscapes of the Lüneburg Heath.  In the style of the old masters, he presented work scenes and illustrated many literary material.  His aim was always the Affirmative, strong and well-to-life display in confrontation with death.  He added proverbs and folk songs quotes in his woodcuts.  After the war he mainly drew for advertising.  In 1946, the European book club chose him as one of the five best German illustrators.  He wrote poems, ballads and drinking, love and hiking songs in the style of Hermann Lons 'songs he on guitar accompanied.  In 1970 he released a record, the songs found their way into schools and have been played occasionally on radio.  He received the 1970 Golden Ring of Honor of the right-wing German Kulturwerk European mind and was followed by the appointment to the Academy for Education and Culture in Munich.  In 1973 he was made an honorary citizen of his hometown Bendestorf.

        

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