1889-1900

(My original has many pictures and illustrations.  Please excuse this installment until I am able to complete it.)

1889         1889         1889         1889

 Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was the 23rd President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893.

 Adolf Hitler born April 20, 1889  Hitler’s Mom as girl.  Dad

 Andrew Lang (3/31 1844 – 7/20 1912) was a Scottish poet, novelist, literary critic, and contributor to the field of anthropology.  He is best known as a collector of folk and fairy tales.  Andrew Lang's Fairy Books constitute a twelve-book series of fairy tale collections.  Blue Fairy Book (1889);  Red Fairy Book (1890);  Green Fairy Book (1892);  Yellow Fairy Book (1894);  Pink Fairy Book (1897);  Grey Fairy Book (1900);  Violet Fairy Book (1901); Crimson Fairy Book (1903);  Brown Fairy Book (1904);  Orange Fairy Book (1906);  Olive Fairy Book (1907);  Lilac Fairy Book (1910)

“Sir Hugh; Or The Jew’s Daughter”: Four-and-twenty bonny boys Were playing at the ba, And by it came him sweet Sir Hugh, And he playd o’er them a’./ He kickd the ba with his right foot And catchd it wi his knee, And throuch-and-thro the Jew’s window He gard the bonny ba flee./ He’s doen him to the Jew’s castell And walkd it round about; And there he saw the Jew’s daughter, At the window looking out./ “Throw down the ba, ye Jew’s daughter, Throw down the ba to me!” “Never a bit,” says the Jew’s daughter, “Till up to me come ye.”/ “How will I come up?  How can I come up? How can I come to thee? For as ye did to my auld father, The same ye’ll do to me.”/ She’s gane till her father’s garden, And pu’d an apple red and green; ’Twas a’ to wyle him sweet Sir Hugh, And to entice him in./ She’s led him in through ae dark door, And sae has she thro nine; She’s laid him on a dressing-table, And stickit him like a swine./ And first came out the thick, thick blood, And syne came out the thin; And syne came out the bonny heart’s blood; There was nae mair within./ She’s rowd him in a cake o lead, Bade him lie still and sleep; She’s thrown him in Our Lady’s draw-well, Was fifty fathom deep./ When bells were rung, and mass was sung, And a’ the bairns came hame, When every lady gat hame her son, The Lady Maisry gat nane./ She’s taen her mantle her about, Her coffer by the hand, And she’s gane out to seek her son, And wandered o’er the land./ She’s doen her to the Jew’s castell, Where a’ were fast asleep: “Gin ye be there, my sweet Sir Hugh, I pray you to me speak.”/ “Gae hame, gae hame, my mither dear, Prepare my winding-sheet, And at the back o merry Lincoln The morn I will you meet.”/ Now Lady Maisry is gane hame, Make him a winding-sheet, And at the back o merry Lincoln, The dead corpse did her meet./ And a the bells o merry Lincoln Without men’s hands were rung, And a’ the books o merry Lincoln Were read without man’s tongue, And neer was such a burial Sin Adam’s days begun.

French priest Henri Desportes wrote “Mystery of Blood among the Jews of all Times” in 1889 about 100 ritual murders since the 12th century.  His novel The Jewish Freemason, published in 1890, tells the story of a Jewish Freemason ruling over an entire village.  His book Jews Killed by: April 1890:  the story of a ritual murder is based on a crime that took place in Algeria, which has raised a blood libel against Jews. 

1889 Jul 14 The Second International (1889–1916) was an organization of socialist and labor parties formed in Paris. Formed in 1889, during a conference to celebrate and examine the achievements of the French Revolution of 1789, as a confederation of socialist parties.  Every party was officially committed to a revolutionary Marxist analysis and theoretically to the notion that socialism would lead to a society without classes, private property, and the oppressive state.

“The Anti-Semitic Movement in Europe” by Antoine De Ghequier (1889)   “The Hebrews, the chosen people of old, possessed even in pre-Christian times an ineradicable propensity to worship Mammon. The selling of the birthright was a bargain, and they have bargained ever since.”  “The Jews, therefore, possessed themselves at once of that most powerful instrument for directing public opinion, the press.  The Austrian press goes under the name of Rabbiner presse, because all important papers are owned or controlled by Jews and devoted to the promotion of the interests of the Jewish race. The German and the French press are almost in the same position. The late Sir Moses Montefiore is credited with the utterance, “Until all newspapers of the world are in our hands, our reign remains a phantom of the brain." It is a handful of Jews that shapes public opinion in Europe and directs it into channels suitable to their own purpose.”

Adolphe-Léon Willette (July 31, 1857– February 4, 1926) was a French painter, illustrator, caricaturist, and lithographer. Willette ran on an anti-Talmudic platform in the 1889 elections and was a contributor to the publications of Édouard Drumont.

From Ernst Freiherr von der Brüggen's work, Russland und die Juden (Russia and the Jews):  “Towards the Christian, the Christian society, and the Christian state there exists no moral obligation for the Jew.  A Jew who has stolen is hardly less esteemed on that account by his own, except he is caught and loses the gain. Honor is weighed against gold; he who has money has esteem, nobody asks after his honor.

Adolf Wahrmund (6/10, 1827 – 5/15, 1913) was a German orientalist.  In "The Law of the Nomad and Today's Jewish Dominion" he systematically compares the Jews to the Arab nomads of the Middle Eastern deserts.  Both, he suggests, aim to prosper by raiding and robbing. In one passage, he compares stock market raids by Jewish speculators to raids on desert caravans.  The Jews, like the Arabs, aim at world domination.  His solution is to deport Europe's Jews to areas set aside only for them.  He believes that once they find themselves without others to attack, the Jews will "rip each other apart."  “As long as the Jew remains Jew in his heart, in his conviction, in his aspirations, the formal change of religion effects no real change.”

 The nouveau riche (French for "new rich"), or new money, comprise those who have acquired considerable wealth within their own generation. The term is generally used to emphasize that the individual was previously part of a lower socioeconomic rank, and that such wealth has provided the means for the acquisition of goods or luxuries that were previously unobtainable.  The term can also be used in a derogatory fashion, for the purposes of social class distinction: Here, "nouveau riche" describes persons with newfound wealth as being vulgar, in lacking the experience or value system to utilize wealth in the same manner as those of "old money" (persons whose families have been wealthy for multiple generations).

 **** Robber Baron   is a term revived in the 19th century United States for businessmen and bankers who dominated respective industries and amassed huge personal fortunes, typically by anti-competitive or unfair business practices.  [Most bankers called German in the 19^th century were Jewish and remember Jewish business practices of monopoly.  Gentiles are not without fault in their quest for power, but how many are crypto-Jews?] 

Intermarriage among the rich is common to preserve family fortunes.  Intermarriage among rich Jews is the norm.

Robber Baron List from Wikipedia:

John Jacob Astor*1840 (Jew) (real estate, fur) – New York City;  Jay Cooke (finance) – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;  Charles Crocker (railroads) - California;   Daniel Drew (finance) – New York state;   James Buchanan Duke (Jew?)(tobacco) – near Durham, North Carolina;   James Fisk (finance) – New York state;   Henry Morrison Flagler (railroads, oil, the Standard Oil company) – New York City and Palm Beach, Florida;  Henry Clay Frick (steel) – Pittsburgh and New York City;   John Warne Gates (steel, oil) – Chicago and Texas;   Jay Gould (Jew) (finance, railroads) – New York (both state and city);   Edward Henry Harriman (railroads) – New York state;   Milton S. Hershey (Chocolate);   Mark Hopkins (railroads) - California;   J. P. Morgan (banking, finance, steel, industrial consolidation) New York City;   John D. Rockefeller*1870 (crypto-Jew) (oil) Standard Oil;   John D. Spreckels (San Diego transportation, water, media) – San Diego;   Leland Stanford (railroads) – Sacramento and San Francisco;  Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads);  Andrew Carnegie*1889 (Steel) Pittsburgh and New York.

Jay Cooke (8/10, 1821 – 2/16, 1905) was a financier most known for financing the Union during the Civil War.  Later, Cooke was noted for financing railroads in the northwestern US.  A devout Christian, Cooke regularly gave 10 percent (or a tithe) of his income for religious and charitable purposes.  He donated funds for the building of a number of Episcopal churches. 

Charles Crocker (9/16, 1822 – 8/14, 1888) was a railroad executive.

 Daniel Drew (7/29, 1797 – 9/18, 1879) was a financier.  He converted to Methodism as a teenager (from what?), and received financial assist from Jew Henry Astor.  Drew is popularly credited with introducing the term "watered stock" to the New York financial district, to describe company shares whose price has been temporarily manipulated upward; the term supposedly came from his time in the cattle business, when he would have his cattle drink water before selling them, to increase their weight temporarily.  In 1857, Drew became a member of the board of directors of the Erie Railroad and used his position to manipulate the firm's stock price.  In 1866-1868, Drew engaged in the Erie War, in which Drew conspired along with fellow directors James Fisk (financier) and Jay Gould to issue stock to keep Vanderbilt from gaining control of the Erie Railroad.   In 1870, Fisk and Gould betrayed Drew, manipulating the stock price of the Erie Railroad and causing him to lose $1.5 million. {Fisk was killed in 1871 by a jealous rival over a mistress and Gould himself would later be swindled out of $1,000,000 worth of Erie railroad stock and never controlled the Erie Railroad}. The Panic of 1873 cost him still more, and by 1876, Drew filed for bankruptcy, with debts exceeding a million dollars and no viable assets. He died in 1879, dependent on his son for support.  Drew, a devout Methodist (the cheat!), built churches in Carmel and Brewster, New York, contributed to the founding of Drew Theological Seminary in Madison, New Jersey, which is now part of Drew University.

 James Buchanan Duke (12/23, 1856 – 10/10, 1925) was a tobacco and electric power industrialist best known for his involvement with Duke University.  James B. Duke was instrumental in establishing a solid Jewish presence in Durham in the late nineteenth century, bringing a large group down from New York to work in his tobacco concern.

 James Fisk, Jr. (4/1, 1835 – 1/6, 1872), known variously as "Big Jim," "Diamond Jim," and "Jubilee Jim," was an American stock broker and corporate executive.  Fisk married Lucy Moore in 1854.  She tolerated Fisk's many affairs.

Henry Morrison Flagler (1/2, 1830 – 5/20, 1913) was a tycoon, real estate promoter, railroad developer and partner of John D. Rockefeller in Standard Oil.  He was a key figure in the development of the eastern coast of Florida along the Atlantic Ocean and was founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway.  He is known as the father of Miami, Florida and also founded Palm Beach, Florida.  Henry Flagler was the son of Rev. Isaac Flagler, a Presbyterian minister.

Henry Clay Frick (12/19, 1849 – 12/2, 1919) was an industrialist, financier, and art patron. He founded the H. C. Frick & Company coke manufacturing company, was chairman of the Carnegie Steel Company, and played a major role in the formation of the giant U.S. Steel manufacturing concern. He also financed the construction of the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Company, and owned extensive real estate holdings.  Known by his critics as “the most hated man in America,” Portfolio.com named Frick one of the "Worst American CEOs of All Time" and he has long been vilified by the public and historians for his lack of morality and ruthlessness in business.  Frick was born in West Overton, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, U.S., a grandson of Abraham Overholt, the owner of the prosperous Overholt Whiskey distillery.

John Warne Gates (5/18, 1855 – 8/9, 1911), also known as "Bet-a-Million" Gates, was a pioneer promoter of barbed wire who became a Gilded Age industrialist.

 Jason "Jay" Gould (5/27, 1836 – 12/2, 1892) was a leading railroad developer and speculator.  He has long been vilified as an archetypal robber baron.

Edward Henry Harriman (2/20, 1848 – 9/9, 1909) was a railroad executive.  He was born the son of Orlando Harriman, an Episcopal clergyman, and Cornelia Neilson.

 Milton Snavely Hershey (9/13, 1857 – 10/13, 1945) was a confectioner, philanthropist, and founder of The Hershey Chocolate Company and the “company town” of Hershey, Pennsylvania.  Hershey was born on the Hershey family homestead built in 1826 by his grandparents, Isaac and Anna Hershey.

Mark Hopkins (September 1, 1813 – March 29, 1878) was one of four principal investors who formed the Central Pacific Railroad along with Leland Stanford, Charles Crocker, and Collis Huntington in 1861.

John Pierpont (J P) Morgan (April 17, 1837 - March 31, 1913) was a financier, banker and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation.  In 1892 Morgan arranged the merger of to form General Electric and to form the US Steel Corporation.  Morgan went into banking in 1857 at his father's London branch, moving to New York City in 1858 where he worked at the banking house of Duncan, Sherman & Company, the American representatives of George Peabody & Company.

John Diedrich Spreckels (August 16, 1853 – June 7, 1926), the son of German-American industrialist Claus Spreckels, founded a transportation and real estate empire in San Diego, California.  The entrepreneur's many business ventures included the Hotel del Coronado and the San Diego and Arizona Railway, both of which are credited with helping San Diego develop into a major commercial center.

 Amasa Leland Stanford (March 9, 1824 – June 21, 1893) was a tycoon, robber baron, industrialist, politician and founder of Stanford University.

 Cornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794 – January 4, 1877), also known by the sobriquet Commodore, was an American entrepreneur. He built his wealth in shipping and railroads and was the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family and one of the richest Americans in history.

**Capitalists & Financiers from “Business History” (2010) website (an Internet List with additional Jew research):

Warren Buffett*2009 (Jew), Bernard M. Baruch*1913 (Jew), August Belmont (Jew), Davis Dynasty (Jew), Clarence Dillon (Jew), Daniel Drew* 1889(Cheat), Anthony J. Drexel, Jack Dreyfus (Jew), Ferdinand Eberstadt (Jew?), James Goldsmith (Jew),  Donald Gordon (Jew), Jay Gould*1889 (Jew), Benjamin Graham (Jew), Hetty Green, King Icahn (Jew), Richard H. Jenrette, Otto H. Kahn (Jew), John Law (Jew?), Sir Frederick Leith-Ross (?), Jean-Louis Levesque (crypto?), Jesse Livermore, Gerald M. Loeb (Jew), André Meyer (Jew), Charles T. Munger,  Roy R. Neuberger (Jew), George Peabody,  Russell Sage, Jacob H. Schiff (Jew), George Soros*2009 (Jew), Martin Sosnoff(Jew?), Carl Frederik Tietgen, James D. Wolfensohn (Jew), Charles Tyson Yerkes (Jew), Clarence W. Barron      *Elsewhere in this paper.

 August Belmont, Sr. (December 8, 1813 – November 24, 1890) was born in Alzey, Hesse, to a Jewish family. He immigrated to New York City in 1837 after becoming the American representative of the Rothschild family's banking house in Frankfurt. On receiving his American citizenship, he married Caroline Slidell Perry, daughter of Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry.

Shelby Cullom Davis (April 1, 1909 – May 26, 1994) was a investment banker, philanthropist, and former United States Ambassador to Switzerland hailing from the state of New York. He served as the American envoy in Bern under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford from 1969 to 1975.  Shelby had family money through his Jewish wife and starts investing shortly after the crash in '29.  In 1988, Shelby Davis was listed as one of the 400 richest Americans by Forbes magazine, with assets of $427 million, which had grown from $50,000 in 40 years of investing in insurance company stocks.  All children are now half Jews (if not full).

 Clarence Dillon, (September 27, 1882 - April 14, 1979), was a financier, and namesake of Dillon, Read & Co., an investment bank.  Clarence Dillon was born Clarence Lapowski.  Dillon's father Samuel Lapowski, was a Polish-Jewish immigrant, likely born in 1848.

Anthony Joseph Drexel (September 13, 1826 – June 30, 1893) was a financier, banker, partner of J.P. Morgan and founder of Drexel University.  He married Ellen B. Rozet (1832–1891).  At the age of 13 he began to work in the banking house founded three years earlier by his father, the Austrian-born American banker Francis Martin Drexel. 

John J. "Jack" Dreyfus, Sr. (August 28, 1913 – March 27, 2009) was a financial expert and the founder of the Dreyfus Funds.

 Ferdinand A. Eberstadt (June 19, 1890–November 11, 1969) was a lawyer, investment banker, and an important policy advisor to the United States government who was instrumental in the creation of the National Security Council.  As well, he helped pioneer the leveraged buyout technique and his success made him one of the most respected financiers in the United States.   Eberstadt developed the organizational structure known as the "Controlled Materials Plan" that allowed the armed forces to prioritize their needs that in turn allowed the private sector to prioritize its production to meet the military's needs.  At the end of the War, on behalf of Secretary of the Navy, James V. Forrestal, Eberstadt wrote what became known as the Eberstadt Report that identified a serious lack of coordination between the Central Intelligence Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the State Department, and the military intelligence services. His Report led to the creation of the National Security Council.  In 1946, Eberstadt served as assistant to Bernard M. Baruch on the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission.  In 1948, he prepared a Report on the operations of the National Security Resources Board and the following year was named Chairman of the Commission on National Security Organization for the Hoover Commission.   Eberstadt is a Jewish name.

 Jew Sir James Michael "Jimmy" Goldsmith (2/26, 1933 – 7/18, 1997) was an Anglo-French billionaire financier.  He was born in Paris, to a wealthy Jewish family.

 Jew Benjamin Graham (May 8, 1894 – September 21, 1976) was an economist and professional investor. Graham is considered the first proponent of value investing.  Buffett credits Graham as grounding him with a sound intellectual investment framework.  Benjamin Graham was born Benjamin Grossbaum in London, England to Jewish parents.

 Hetty Green (née Robinson), nicknamed "The Witch of Wall Street" (11/21, 1834 – 7/3, 1916), was a businesswoman, remarkable for her frugality during the Gilded Age, as well as for being the first American woman to make a substantial impact on Wall Street.  Her family were Quakers who owned a large whaling fleet and also profited from the China trade.

 Jew Carl Celian Icahn (2/16, 1936-  ) is an American financier, corporate raider, and private equity investor.  His father was a cantor (a Jewish prayer leader).

Richard Hampton Jenrette (4/5, 1929 in Raleigh, North Carolina-  ) was one the founders of the Wall Street firm, Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette (DLJ).   In 1999 Jenrette had "lived with the same male partner for nearly two decades".

 Otto Hermann Kahn (February 21, 1867 – March 29, 1934) was an investment banker, collector, philanthropist, and patron of the arts.

John Law (baptised 21 April 1671 – died 21 March 1729) was a Scottish economist who believed that money was only a means of exchange that did not constitute wealth in itself and that national wealth depended on trade. He was appointed Controller General of Finances of France under King Louis XV.  In 1716 Law established the Banque Générale in France, a private bank, but three-quarters of the capital consisted of government bills and government-accepted notes, effectively making it the first central bank of the nation. He was responsible for the Mississippi Bubble and a chaotic economic collapse in France.  Law was a gambler and a brilliant mental calculator. He was known to win card games by mentally calculating the odds. He originated economic ideas such as "The Scarcity Theory of Value" and the "Real bills doctrine".  Law was born into a family of bankers and goldsmiths.

Frederick William Leith Ross (1887–1968) was chief economic adviser to the UK government from 1932 to 1945.

 Jean-Louis Lévesque, CM, OQ (April 13, 1911 - December 28, 1994) was a Canadian entrepreneur, thoroughbred racehorse owner, and philanthropist.   Lévesque is a Jewish name.  (Levi?)

Jesse Lauriston Livermore (July 26, 1877 — November 28, 1940), also known as the Boy Plunger and "Great Bear of Wall Street".  He was famed for making and losing several multi-million dollar fortunes and short selling during the stock market crashes in 1907 and 1929.  He owned a series of mansions around the world, each fully staffed with servants, a fleet of limousines, and a steel-hulled yacht for trips to Europe.  He married his second wife, Dorothy, a beautiful Ziegfeld Follies showgirl, on December 2, 1918, when he was 41 and she was 18.  Livermore shot and killed himself.

 Gerald Loeb (1899 - April 13, 1974) was a founding partner of E.F. Hutton & Co., a renowned Wall Street trader.

 André Benoit Mathieu Meyer (September 3, 1898 – September 9, 1979) was a French-born American Wall Street investment banker.  He and his family left Germany.  (What Frenchman is named Meyer and had to flee, he was obviously a Jew.)  By 1925, his performance with the bank led to an offer from the prestigious investment bankers Lazard Frères and within a few years Meyer was made a partner.  Lazard's origins date back to 1848 when the founders, Alexandre Lazard, Simon Lazard, and Elie Lazard, three Jewish brothers from Lorraine, France moved to the United States and formed Lazard Frères & Co. as a dry goods business in New Orleans, Louisiana, with a combined contribution of $9,000. Shortly thereafter, the Lazard brothers moved to the gold rush town of San Francisco, California, where they opened a business selling imported goods and exporting gold bullion.  The business progressively became involved in financial transactions, first with its retail clients and then increasingly with commercial clients.  Over time, the business expanded into the banking and foreign exchange businesses.  Seeking to expand operations to Europe, the Lazard brothers opened offices in Paris and London in 1858 and 1870, respectively.

Charles Thomas Munger (1/1, 1924, in Omaha, Nebraska-  ) is an investment manager and philanthropist.  He is Vice-Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway Corporation, chaired by Warren Buffett.   Like Buffett, Munger is a native of Omaha, Nebraska.

 Roy Rothschild Neuberger (July 21, 1903 – December 24, 2010) was a financier. He was a co-founder of the investment firm Neuberger Berman.  Neuberger was born into a wealthy Jewish family,

George Peabody (February 18, 1795 – November 4, 1869) was an entrepreneur and philanthropist who founded the Peabody Institute.  He was born in Massachusetts to a family with Puritan antecedents.   Nathan Mayer Rothschild is said to have told Peabody that despite his wealth, he had not been able to penetrate London society and suggested that Peabody should entertain London society on Rothschild's behalf, and of course at Rothschild's expense.   In 1837 Peabody took up residence in London where he remained the rest of his life.

Russell Sage (8/4, 1816 – 7/22, 1906) was a financier, railroad executive and Whig politician from New York and a partner of Jay Gould.

 Jacob Henry Schiff, born Jakob Heinrich Schiff (January 10, 1847 – September 25, 1920) was a Jewish German-born New York City banker and philanthropist, who helped finance, among many other things, the Japanese military efforts against Tsarist Russia in the Russo-Japanese War.  From his base on Wall Street, he was the foremost Jewish leader from 1880 to 1920 in what later became known as the "Schiff era", grappling with all major Jewish issues and problems of the day, including the plight of Russian Jews under the tsar, antisemitism, care of needy Jewish immigrants, and the rise of Zionism.  He also became the director of many important corporations, including the National City Bank of New York, Equitable Life Assurance Society, Wells Fargo & Company, and the Union Pacific Railroad. In many of his interests he was associated with E.H. Harriman.

Carl Frederik Tietgen (March 19, 1829 – October 19, 1901) was a Danish financier and industrialist.  

 Sir James David Wolfensohn KBE, AO (12/1, 1933-  ) was the ninth president of the World Bank Group.   Wolfensohn's parents were Jewish.  He had been a senior executive at Salomon Brothers.

 Charles Tyson Yerkes (June 25, 1837 – December 29, 1905) was an Americn, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He played a major part in developing mass-transit systems in Chicago and London.  His father was a banker and Yerkes is a Jewish name.

Clarence W. Barron (July 2, 1855, in Boston, Massachusetts – October 2, 1928) is one of the most influential figures in the history of Dow Jones & Company.  As a career newsman described as a "short, rotund powerhouse," he died holding the posts of president of Dow Jones and de facto manager of The Wall Street Journal.  He is considered the founder of modern financial journalism.

**Fortune Magazine (2010) - The richest Americans (Ranking of American plutocrats measures their total wealth as a fraction of U.S.):

John D. Rockefeller*(1870) 1839-1937   Oil   Wealth/GDP: 1/65

Cornelius Vanderbilt*(1889) 1794-1877   railroad builder and executive to financier and promoter Wealth/GDP: 1/87

John Jacob Astor*(1840) 1763-1848   Wealthy fur trader who established the American Fur Company Wealth/GDP: 1/107

Stephen Girard 1750-1831   Merchant, banker Wealth/GDP: 1/150

Bill Gates*(2009) 1955-present   Chairman of leading software maker Microsoft Wealth/GDP: 1/152

Andrew Carnegie*(1889) 1835-1919   Businessman in the steel industry Wealth/GDP: 1/166

Jay Gould*(1889) 1836-92   American financier who became a leading railroad builder and speculator Wealth/GDP: 1/185

*Elsewhere in this paper.

Stephen Girard (May 20, 1750 – December 26, 1831) was a French-born, naturalized American, philanthropist and banker. He personally saved the U.S. government from financial collapse during the War of 1812, and became one of the wealthiest men in America.  His father was a sea captain, and the son was licensed captain in 1773, and in 1776 settled in Philadelphia as a merchant.  After the charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811, Girard purchased most of its stock as well as the building and its furnishings.

Alexander Turney Stewart (October 12, 1803 – April 10, 1876) was a successful Irish American entrepreneur who made his multi-million fortune in what was at the time the most extensive and lucrative dry goods business in the world.  Wealth/GDP: 1/178

Friedrich (Frederik) Weyerhäuser (November 21, 1834 in Germany - April 4, 1914 in Pasadena) was a German-American timber mogul and founder of the Weyerhaeuser Company, which owns large forested areas as well as saw mills, paper factories, and other business enterprises.  Wealth/GDP: 1/182

Stephen Van Rensselaer III (November 1, 1764 - January 26, 1839) was Lieutenant Governor of New York as well as a statesman, soldier, and land-owner, the heir to one of the greatest estates in the New York region at the time.  Wealth/GDP: 1/194

****"Wealth", more commonly known as "The Gospel of Wealth",  is a poem written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that described the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.  The central thesis of Carnegie's essay was the peril of allowing large sums of money to be passed into the hands of persons or organizations ill-equipped mentally or emotionally to cope with them.  As a result, the wealthy entrepreneur must assume the responsibility of distributing his fortune in a way that it will be put to good use, and not wasted on frivolous expenditure.

Carnegie based his philosophy on the observation that the heirs of large fortunes frequently squandered them in riotous living rather than nurturing and growing them.  Even bequeathing one's fortune to charity was no guarantee that it would be used wisely, since there was no guarantee that a charitable organization not under one's direction would use the money in accordance with one's wishes.  Carnegie disapproved of charitable giving that merely maintained the poor in their impoverished state, and urged a movement toward the creation of a new mode of giving which would create opportunities for the beneficiaries of the gift to better themselves.  As a result, the gift would not be merely consumed, but would be productive of even greater wealth throughout the society.

Andrew Carnegie effectively softened some of the harshness of the theory of social Darwinism.  He preached that ostentatious living and amassing private treasures was wrong.  Carnegie professed the virtues of a laissez-faire system in which the government did not interfere with an individual or organization's right to do as it pleased.  His "gospel of wealth" earned much praise, but did not win many converts.  Carnegie made it clear that the rich were responsible for the recirculation of their money back into society where it could be used to support the greater good.  He claimed that, in bettering society and people here on earth, one would be rewarded at the gates of Paradise.  Carnegie put his philosophy into practice through a program of gifts to endow public libraries, known as 'Carnegie libraries' in cities and towns throughout the United States and the English-speaking world, with the idea that he was thus providing people with the tools to better themselves.

 Andrew Carnegie (11/25, 1835 – 8/11, 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist, businessman, entrepreneur and a major philanthropist.

 1889 L.B. Woolfolk publishes "The Red Dragon" It follows the London-based banking cartel in the three decades after the Civil War.  He says "the Great Red Dragon" is the symbol of the "Jew London Money Power."  He describes how this cartel bought up the US economy through intermediaries.  By 1864, almost 150 years ago, Woolfolk claims the wealth of the world already was concentrated in the hands of this banking cartel:  "The Imperialism of Capital to which I allude is a knot of capitalists-Jews almost to a man-who make their headquarters in the Money Quarter of London, in Threadneedle street, Lombard, and other streets in that vicinity, where bankers have their habitat. These Jew capitalists have succeeded in centralizing in their own hands the industry and commerce of the earth.  -They own almost all the debts of the world, -the debts of nations, states, counties, municipalities, corporations and individuals, -amounting in the aggregate, it is estimated, to seventy-five billion dollars, on which they are annually receiving about four billion dollars of interest.  -They own the manufactures, the shipping, and the commerce of Great Britain, and most of the manufactures, shipping and commerce of the whole world.  -They have attained control of the industry and trade of the whole earth; and are rapidly centralizing all business in their own hands.  They hold possession of all the great lines of trade and business of all kinds, and they regulate all prices by their own arbitrary methods.  This Money Power of the Money Quarter of London is the only grand pre-eminent Imperialism existing on the earth."   

Woolfolk traces the beginnings of this cartel to the British East India Company in the early part of the Eighteenth Century.  "In 1764, the British East India Company was the grandest and richest corporation in the world.  It was the only corporation, which ruled a territorial empire.  It was enriched by traffic, by the extension of its trade through the conquest of the trading stations of its Continental rivals and by the wholesale plunder of India....it came to pass that the greater part of the stock of the East India Company, and of the other companies afterwards organized out of the dividends of that great company, fell into the hands of the Jews.  The Jews became the great Money Kings of the world.... History presents no career of conquest, in which fraud, deceit and rapine were so blended as in the conquest of India by the East India Company.  It was the first example in the history of the world of a trading corporation becoming an imperial power; and its imperial rule was marked by the rapacity, chicane and fraud that characterize a great corporation in the soulless and conscienceless pursuit of gain."  

With the invention of the steam engine in 1775, only the capitalists of the British East India Company had the means to profit from the industrial revolution.  They set up hundreds of joint stock companies-manufacturing companies of all kinds, coal and iron mining, railways and ships, real estate-- which concealed their ownership.  "In commercial crises, often originated, and always manipulated by them, they managed systematically to break down rival companies, and buy them out, and to rob and plunder the minority stockholders; until, in the end, these organized capitalists got into their own hands and very cheap, all, or the greater part of the stock of the various companies, manufacturing, mercantile and shipping, that originated in steam manufactures.  They thus reduced to a system and a science the art of crushing rival companies, and freezing out minority stockholders."

Woolfolk speculates that the Rothschilds did not act alone but represented a syndicate of Jewish bankers.  "The rise of the house of Rothschild is memorable as the first grand combination of the Jews in a syndicate, for the transaction of a vast business in which all their capital might be combined.  The Rothschilds became the head of the Jew Money Kings, and have ever since been the head of the Jews, acting as a syndicate.  That house is probably at the head of the Jew Money Power of the world. The wealth of the Money Power is simply beyond calculation.  It cannot amount to less than $160,000,000,000. It is probably nearer two hundred billions.... The Money Power has so much money, now, that it can not find investment for it.  In one more double it will about have all the property of the earth.  In the beginning of its career, a double of its capital meant $100,000,000.  Now a double of its capital means $400,000,000,000. And all the property of the world is less that $600,000,000,000."

According to Woolfolk, the Rockefellers and most great American industrialist-financiers were merely agents of the London Money Power. Standard Oil is a classic example of how this power established a monopoly in every enterprise.  Owning the railroads needed to transport oil, the Money Power put competitors out of business by undercutting their prices.  This cartel of cartels kept the business class in line by creating the specter of Communism: "It is their policy to keep up a hot agitation for Communism and Socialism in the great cities; so that the businessmen, in their antagonism to those ideas, will keep on the side of the Money Power.  It is a significant fact that most of the agitators for Socialism are Jews, who are most probably the agents of the Money Power to keep up this agitation for their own purposes... It is a part of the consummate craft of these Money Kings."

The British South Africa Company (BSAC) was established by Cecil Rhodes through the amalgamation of the Central Search Association and the Exploring Company Ltd., receiving a royal charter in 1889.  Modeled on the British East India Company, Rhodes hoped it would enable colonization and economic exploitation across much of south-central Africa, as part of the "Scramble for Africa".

 Cecil John Rhodes DCL (7/5, 1853 – 3/26, 1902) was an English-born businessman, mining magnate, and politician in South Africa.  He was the founder of the diamond company De Beers, which today markets 40% of the world's rough diamonds and at one time marketed 90%.  An ardent believer in colonialism and imperialism, he was the founder of the state of Rhodesia, which was named after him.  He set up the provisions of the Rhodes Scholarship, which is funded by his estate.

Konrad Alberti (Konrad Sittenfeld) (7/9, 1862 -6/24, 1918) was a German writer, biographer and editor of the Berliner Morgenpost.  “No one can dispute that Jewdom takes a leading part in polluting and corrupting all relations.  A characteristic of the Jew is the stubborn endeavor to produce values without work, and this being a matter of impossibility, it simply means that these values are artificially produced by swindling and corruption, by manoeuvres on the Stock Exchange in conjunction with the Press in order to spread false rumors, and by other similar methods.  These artificial and ficticious values are then acquired, unloaded and exchanged for genuine values, produced by real work, only to melt away and vanish in the hands of their new owners like Helen in the arms of Faust.  The representatives of corruption on the Exchange, in the Press and in the Theatre in my novel The Young and Old, representatives of that class who strive to enrich themselves without working, are therefore Jews. - Konrad Alberti - (Sittenfeld), Gesellschaft, No. 12, 1889.  Dr. Conrad Alberti-Sittenfeld, a Jew, wrote in 1899 in No. 12 of the magazine Gesellschaft:  "One of the most dangerous Jewish qualities is the brutal, direct barbaric intolerance.  A worse tyranny cannot be practiced than that which the Jewish clique practices.  If you try to move against this Jewish clique, they will, without hesitating, use brutal methods to overcome you.  Mainly the Jew tries to destroy his enemy in the mental area, by which he takes his material gain away, and undermines his civil existence.  The vilest of all forms of retaliation, the boycott, is characteristically Jewish."

Joseph Thomson (2/14 1858 – 8/2 1895) was a Scottish geologist and explorer who played an important part in the Scramble for Africa.   A distinguished geographer and a fellow of the Royal Society at a time when that honor still meant something, Thomson was indignant at the situation he found in North Africa: “By his outrageous exactions the Sultan drives the Moor into the hands of the Jew, who affords him a temporary relief by lending him the necessary money on incredibly exorbitant terms. Once in the money-lender's clutches, he rarely escapes until he is squeezed dry, when he is either thrown aside, crushed and ruined, or cast into a dungeon, where, fettered and starved, he is probably left to die a slow and horrible death.  To the position of the Jews in Morocco it would be difficult to find a parallel. Here we have a people, alien, despised and hated, actually living in the country under immeasurably better conditions than the dominant race, while they suck, and are assisted to suck the very lifeblood of their hosts.  The aim of every Jew is to toil not, neither to spin, save the coils which as moneylender he may weave for the entanglement of his necessitous victims.” (Travels in the Atlas and Southern Morocco,1889)

 Robert Browning (5/7, 1812 – 12/12, 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.  He wrote many works of Jewish interest. Browning's appearance and associations combined to give rise to a report that he was of Jewish extraction, but this was wholly unfounded. Nevertheless, he knew Hebrew, was an assiduous student of the Old Testament (in Hebrew), had some knowledge of rabbinical literature, and always displayed strong sympathy for the Jews.

1889 Charles Mills Gayley (2/22, 1858 – 7/25, 1932) was a professor of English and the Classics at the University of California at Berkeley, from the fall of 1889 through July 1932.  His religious faith was simple and deep.  No one could talk with him without being aware of it.  Gayley founded the Berkeley Canterbury Club as a forum to discuss the application of Christian principles to everyday life; and his academic course, The Bible in English Literature.

1889 June An antisemitic conference held at Bochum, Germany, draws a number of representatives from France and Austria-Hungary, including Georg von Schönerer, and soon leads to the foundation of two German antisemitic political parties, the German Socialists and the People’s Party.  They merge in 1894 into the German Socialist Reform party.

1889 and 1890, from Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, which is a Jehovah's Witness publication: “The change in the position of the Jew within the last half century is one of most remarkable character. Fifty years ago the Jew was inert and imbecile: now he exercises a greater power than in the days of David and Solomon. The Jews to-day influence more people, control more bullion, and exercise more legislative power than they did when they had their temple, their land, and their sceptre. They have been stationary for eighteen centuries, and hunted into obscurity: to-day they attract wider attention than ever before in their history. Out of twelve hundred students of law in Berlin, six hundred were Jews. The Berlin and other Councils are ruled by a Jewish majority, and all offices are in the gifts of Jews. The German tradesman sinks to a secondary position alongside his Jew competitor, the best squares are filled with Jew shops, the best estates have passed into their hands. In Germany they have ousted the best families from their patrimonial possessions. This is true of Holland also. The Jew is the world's chief banker to-day. Almost the whole of the liberal press of Germany is in their hands. The two leading papers of Rome were, and possibly still are, edited by Jews. The power of the Jewish press of the continent of Europe is very great in matters political, scientific, and theological.” "His (Nathan Rothschild's) wealth was in fact intended for a higher purpose: "to avenge the wrongs of Israel" by securing "the re-establishment of Judah's kingdom—then rebuilding of thy towers, Oh! Jerusalem!" and "the restoration of Judea to out ancient race."

1890         1890         1890         1890

 ****Christian Restorationism, the Restoration of the Jews to the Holy Land was a nineteenth-century, Christian movement with both political and religious motivations.  In the nineteenth century, historic nations long ruled by one or another empire, including Greece, Hungary, and Bulgaria achieved self-government, while others, including the Czechs, Poles, Irish, and Norwegians launched national liberation movements.  In this context, it appeared natural for the Jews to achieve national independence in the Land of Israel.  In 1818, President John Adams wrote, "I really wish the Jews again in Judea an independent nation."  The crumbling of the Ottoman Empire threatened the British route to India via Suez as well as sundry French, German and American economic interests.  The idea of a Jewish state east of Suez therefore held some appeal.

Many Christians believed that the return of the Jews to Judea, as prophesied in the Bible, was a necessary preliminary step towards the Second Coming, an attitude now known as Christian Zionism.  In the classic, Christian interpretation, after the Jews returned they would both accept Jesus as their savior and rebuild the Temple, which would usher in the Second Coming of Christ.  Alexander Keith recounted a journey in his 1844 book The Land of Israel According to the Covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob.  

In 1844, George Bush (crypto?), a professor of Hebrew at New York University and ancestor of the Presidents Bush, published a book entitled The Valley of Vision; or, The Dry Bones of Israel Revived. In it he called for “elevating” the Jews “to a rank of honorable repute among the nations of the earth” by re-creating the Jewish State in the land of Israel.  This, according to Bush, would benefit not only the Jews, but all of mankind, forming a “link of communication” between humanity and God.  “It will blaze in notoriety...". “It will flash a splendid demonstration upon all kindreds and tongues of the truth.”  Restorationism was a way for charitable individuals to assist oppressed Jews without actually accepting them as neighbors and fellow-citizens.

Blackstone Memorial On November 24–25, 1890, William Eugene Blackstone advocated strongly for the resettlement of Jewish people in Palestine.  Accordingly, the Blackstone Memorial of 1891 was drafted as a petition signed by 431 prominent Americans.  It read, in part: : “Why shall not the powers which under the treaty of Berlin, in 1878, gave Bulgaria to the Bulgarians and Servia to the Servians now give Palestine back to the Jews?…These provinces, as well as Romania, Montenegro, and Greece, were wrested from the Turks and given to their natural owners. Does not Palestine as rightfully belong to the Jews?”   It was signed by many leading American citizens and presented to President Harrison.  The Memorial petition was circulated in five major cities: Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, and Chicago.  It was signed by 431 prominent citizens from those cities: financiers John D. Rockefeller and J. P. Morgan, future President William McKinley, and Chief Justice Melville Fuller; many members of Congress; the editors of all major newspapers in those five cities, including the still-extant Boston Globe, New York Times, Chicago Tribune, Philadelphia Inquirer, and Washington Post; and a long list of university and seminary presidents, mayors, and leading businessmen.  The Memorial was presented to President Harrison with little result.  The Blackstone Memorial was turned over to the State Department archives for safe keeping.  It has been lost since.  Another one was promoted in 1916.

Emil Schürer (May 2, 1844 – April 30, 1910) was a German Protestant theologian.  “The History of the Jewish people in the Age of Jesus Christ” (1886-1890) made him one of the best known of modern German scholars in Great Britain and the United States.

   Jacob August Riis (May 3, 1849 – May 26, 1914) was a Danish American social reformer, "muckraking" journalist and social documentary photographer.  He is known for using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City; those impoverished New Yorkers were the subject of most of his prolific writings and photography.  While sympathetic with European immigrants flocking to slums in New York City, Rils said of the Jews among them: "Money is their god." (How the Other Half Lives,1890)

Sir Arthur Wing Pinero (5/24 1855 – 11/23 1934) was an English actor and later an important dramatist and stage director.  His popular plays, The Cabinet Minister (1890) and The 'Mind the Paint' Girl satirize objectionable Jewish types in Mrs. Gaylustre and Sam de Castro, respectively.

(Date?) Police Officer Thomas Bingham wrote an article in the North American Review stating that fifty per-cent of the criminals in New York City were Russian Jews, who numbered twenty-five per-cent of the population.  A storm of Jewish protest followed, and Bingham hastily discovered that his figures were in error; but he was removed from office nevertheless.

Paul Charles Joseph Bourget (9/2, 1852–12/25, 1935), was a French novelist and critic.  His Cosmopolis was called 'anti-Semitic' because it attributed big-city degeneracy to the Jewish spirit. 

7/5, 1890 Through control of the media, British “Justice” spoke of Jewish press power in England acting "in accord with their fellow capitalist Jews all over the world".

 1890 Olympics: Greek interest in reviving the Olympic Games began with the Greek War of Independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1821.  Evangelis Zappas, a wealthy Greek-Romanian philanthropist sponsored the first Olympic Games in 1859.  Athletes participated from Greece and the Ottoman Empire. In 1890, Baron Pierre de Coubertin was inspired to found the International Olympic Committee (IOC) within an international revival of physical fitness.  The Olympic Games feature summer and winter sports.

 Vincent Willem van Gogh (3/30, 1853 – 7/29, 1890) was a Dutch post-Impressionist painter whose work, notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty, and bold color.  After years of painful anxiety, he died at the age of 37 from a gunshot wound, traditionally accepted to be self-inflicted.  In his diary, he had dismissed suicide.  He was probably shot by the teenager Rene Secretan who was bullying him.  In just over a decade, he produced more than 2,100 artworks, consisting of 860 oil paintings and more than 1,300 watercolors, drawings, sketches and prints.  His work included self portraits, landscapes, still lifes of flowers, portraits and paintings of cypresses, wheat fields and sunflowers.  Van Gogh wanted to be a minister of the Gospel, but failed because of his eccentricities.  Now, consumed by an insatiable curiosity, he saw and painted the Divine in nature: the sun, the heavens, the waving fields of grain, the laborers, plowmen, potato diggers, along with infants and children:  “One cannot do better than hold onto the thought of God through everything, under all circumstances, at all places, at all times, and try to acquire more knowledge about Him, which one can do from the Bible as well as from all other things.  It is good to continue believing that everything is more miraculous than one can comprehend, for this is truth; it is good to remain sensitive and humble and tender of heart . . . . For what can one learn that is better than what God has given by nature to every human soul—which is living and loving, hoping, and believing, in the depth of every soul, unless it is wantonly destroyed?” (Letter 121)

~1890 Johannes Weiss (12/13, 1863 – 8/24, 1914) was a German theologian and Biblical exegete.  He wrote many influential books and papers, and was instrumental in the development of New Testament Biblical criticism.  He was held in the highest regard by his contemporaries, and subsequent scholarship has continued to recognize his wide influence.  Weiss also developed form criticism in its application to the New Testament, a theme expanded upon by Rudolf Bultmann and many other scholars.  This tool enabled Weiss to conclude that I Corinthians is a collection of excerpts from letters by the Apostle Paul, and not a single letter in its own right.  Weiss is particularly notable for giving the name "Q" to the hypothetical sayings source used by the authors of the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke.   To Weiss, Christianity had to be understood in its immediate environs, not based in the Old Testament. 

Wilhelm Bousset (9/3, 1865 – 3/8, 1920) was a German theologian and New Testament scholar.   Bousset demonstrated in his writings that Christian thought was profoundly influenced by neighboring cultures and belief systems.

Jacob Ecker (1851 - 1912 in Trier) was a Roman Catholic theologian wrote “The Hundred Laws of the Jewish Catechism”.   Jacoby Ecker wrote “The Jewish Mirror in the Light of Truth” (1884) which was a widely-read study of the Talmud, concentrating on the many anti-Gentile passages in that sinister "law" of the Jews.

Maurice Barrès (8/19, 1862 – 12/4, 1923) was a French novelist, journalist, and socialist politician and agitator known for his nationalist and antisemitic views.  “Deep down in our hearts, Jewish is only an adjective we use to designate usurers, hoarders, speculators on the stock market - all those who abuse the omnipotence of money... Each of us has a Jew he refers to for purposes of reprobation.  Conversely, we have Christians whom we treat as Jews. . . "Down with Rothschild!" "Down with the Jews!" are formulas which sum up the resentment of those who do not have enough for those who have too much. Anti-Semitism joins hands with socialism.” (Quoted by J. Dietz, "Les Debuts. . .") “Baron Jacques de Reinach reminds us of one of those large rats which, having swallowed a pill, go behind the woodwork to die, whereupon their decomposing cadavers proceed to poison their poisoners... The smell of this cadaver disgusts the whole of France. (He refers to the ring-leader in the Jewish Panama Canal stock swindle, who sneaked off and committed suicide.”  (Leurs figures.) “That Dreyfus is capable of treason, I conclude from his race.” (Scènes et doctrines du nationalisme)

Richard Andree (2/26, 1835 – 2/22, 1912) was, like his father Karl Andree, a German geographer noted for devoting himself especially to ethnography. “Observations Respecting the Jews”

 August Julius Langbehn (March 26, 1851-April 30, 1907) Professor and Rembrandt scholar; wrote a popular, racialist attack of modern art and art museums.  In 1890, he published a work "Rembrandt als Erzieher" (Rembrandt as Teacher).  It describes Rembrandt as an exemplar of the "race" that inhabited Lower Germany and that was intelligent, because it was "Aryan" and as Low German being of a "race" that was least defiled by race mixture.  Langbehn said Rembrandt's artwork reflected the German spirit, free of sterile intellectualism and decadence, and that his masterly depiction of light showed he could overcome forces of chaos and darkness. His work on Rembrandt as Teacher was widely read and popular in Germany before the First World War and appeared in 39 editions during the two years after its first publication.  Rationality, science, materialism, liberalism, cosmopolitanism, intellectual and cultural uniformity he saw as degeneration, for which he blamed education and urbanization.  Langbehn's ideas had a strong influence on the development of anti-intellectualism and anti-Semitism in the German youth movement and he was an important reference point for the reconciliation between Catholicism and nationalism.  His work was used in National Socialist Art education.   –German honor meant above all a struggle against materialism, against capitalistic mentality, against the mechanization of intellectual life.  He denounced Jewish influence.

 Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton KCMG FRGS (3/19, 1821 – 10/20, 1890) was an English explorer, translator, writer, soldier, Orientalist, ethnologist, linguist, poet, hypnotist, fencer and diplomat.  He was known for his travels and explorations within Asia and Africa as well as his extraordinary knowledge of languages and cultures.  According to one count, he spoke 29 European, Asian, and African languages.  Burton's best-known achievements include travelling in disguise to Mecca, The Book of One Thousand Nights and A Night, an unexpurgated translation of One Thousand and One Nights (also commonly called The Arabian Nights in English after Andrew Lang's abridgement), bringing the Kama Sutra to publication in English, and journeying with John Hanning Speke as the first Europeans led by Africa's greatest explorer guide, Sidi Mubarak Bombay, utilizing route information by Indian and Omani merchants who traded in the region, to visit the Great Lakes of Africa in search of the source of the Nile.  Burton extensively criticized colonial policies (to the detriment of his career) in his works and letters. He was a prolific and erudite author and wrote numerous books and scholarly articles about subjects including human behavior, travel, fencing, sexual practices, and ethnography.  A unique feature of his books is the copious footnotes and appendices containing remarkable observations and unexpurgated information.  Sir Richard Burton “The Jew’s hand was ever against every man but those belonging to the Synagogue.”

"Again, the history and traditions, the faith and practice of the Jew ever placed before his eyes the absolute and immeasurable superiority of his own caste, the 'Peculiar People, the Kingdom of Priests, and the Holy Nation.'  This exaltation justified the Hebrew in treating his brother-men as heathens barely worthy of the title human.   'Lo, the people shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations' -- an unfriendly separation and an estrangement between man and man equally injurious to the welfare of Jew and Gentile.  Their virtues are their own, but their faults are the fruit of eighteen centuries of outlawry and oppression."  Sir Richard F. Burton, The Jew, The Gypsy And El Islam, 1898.  

After a stint as consul at Damascus, Syria, where some years before, a Catholic priest was allegedly murdered in a blood ritual by Jews, Burton took an interest in the matter.  His investigations satisfied him that such killings actually were performed by certain sects of Jews.  "The Jew's hand was ever, like Ishmael's, against every man but those belonging to the Synagogue.  His fierce passions and fiendish cunning, combined with abnormal powers of intellect, with intense vitality, and with a persistency of purpose which the world has rarely seen, and whetted moreover by a keen thirst for blood engendered by defeat and subjection, combined to make him the deadly enemy of all mankind, whilst his unsocial and iniquitous Oral Law contributed to inflame his wild lust of pelf, and to justify the crimes suggested by spite and superstition."    "The most important and pregnant tenet of modern Jewish belief is that the Ger {goy - goyim}, or stranger, in fact all those who do not belong to their religion, are brute beasts, having no more rights than the fauna of the field." - Richard Francis Burton

 Ignatius Loyola Donnelly (11/3, 1831 – 1/1, 1901) was a U.S. Congressman, populist writer and amateur scientist, known primarily now for his theories of the history of Atlantis and Shakespearean authorship, which modern historians consider to be pseudohistory.  In Ignatius Donnelly’s 1890-novel “Caesar’s Columns,” the Jews seized power to take revenge against the Christians for how they had made them suffer.  He also said "what they cannot destroy, they poison."  His futurist novel, Caesar's Column, made many striking predictions on the rise of Jewish financial power and Zionist imperialism in the 20th century.  It was a story of how "the nomadic children of Abraham. . . fought and schemed their way, through infinite pains of persecution... to a power higher than the thrones of Europe."  After fomenting a world uprising, the Russian-born leader of the conspiracy absconds to Palestine with countless millions in stolen public funds, "intending to re-establish the glories of Solomon and revive the ancient splendors of the Jewish race, in the midst of the ruins of the world."  But the Jews cannot control the political conflagration they have started for their own ends, and everything explodes into a typhoon of destruction that consumes what remains of civilization.

 Hermann Ahlwardt (12/21, 1846- 4/16 1914) was a Member of Parliament, as well as anti-Semitic agitator.  He also used the pseudonym Hermann Koniecki.  He wrote, "The Desperate Struggle of the Aryan nations with Judaism" (1890) and "The Oath of a Jew" (1891) earned him a four-month prison sentence.  During the election campaigns, he spoke like Otto Bockel agitated "against Junker and Jews."  Ahlwardt knew how to present himself as a victim of a corrupt and "Jew-ridden" justice.  While the political establishment condemned him as rabble-rousing anti-Semitischen itinerant preacher, he won, which honored him as "Rector of all Germans".  Ahlwardt undertook in the 1890s, numerous trips, including to the USA, where he marketed his songs, paintings, busts, coins and cigars.  His opponents accused him of "business anti-Semitism."  His works included:  “The Desperate Struggle of the Aryan nations with Judaism”, 3 vols, 1890;  “The Oath of a Jew”;   “Jewish Tactics, while responding to Mr Louis Jacobowski;  “The Jewish Question” Lecture, 1892;  “Vipers”, 1892;  “How it drives the Jew”, lecture, 1892;  “The Trusts”, Germany, 1913;  The Society of Jesus in its true form and in its relations to Judaism and Freemasonry, 1919

Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang (1818 - 1890), a social reformer, was one of the founders of the Austrian Christian Social Party, and the founder of the Austrian Christian Social Movement.  This newspaper was very influential, helping to establish the 40-hour work week and national health insurance for workers.  As a social reformer, he was a precursor of the Austrian authoritarian state of the 1930s; he was quoted in the regime's propaganda by its leader, Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss.

  Joel Chandler Harris (12/9, 1845 – 7/3, 1908) was an American journalist, fiction writer, and folklorist best known for his collection of Uncle Remus stories.  In a letter to his son 7/6, 1890 “Don’t go to a Jew store, but to some substantial establishment.” (Supposedly only a reference to the quality of clothing.  19th century Jewish store owners began as peddlers, then sold inexpensive goods.)

Vsevolod Vladimirovich Krestovsky (2/23, 1840 – 1/30, 1895, was a Russian writer.  “The Darkness of Egypt” is an apocalyptic and powerful study of how the Jewish kahal (self-government body) dominated the budding revolutionary movement in Russia.  He coined the phrase, famous in revolutionary Russia, Zhid idyot! (the kike is coming):  “Indeed, look where one will, one's eye is bound to encounter the spectacle of every nook and corner being overrun with Jews.  Not only here, but in Europe and even in America, which also at last begins to groan under the Jew...” (J. Kunitz, The Jew in Russian Literature)  His blatantly anti-Semitic trilogy The Jews are Coming was published between 1888 and 1892.

  Edgar Degas (7/19, 1834 – 9/27, 1917), born Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas), was a French artist famous for his work in painting, sculpture, printmaking and drawing.   Although Degas painted a number of Jewish subjects from 1865 to 1870, his anti-Semitism became apparent by the mid 1870s.  His 1879 painting “At the Bourse” is widely regarded as strongly anti-Semitic, with the facial features of the banker taken directly from the anti-Semitic cartoons rampant in Paris at the time.  The Dreyfus Affair, which divided Paris from the 1890s to the early 1900s, further intensified his anti-Semitism.  By the mid 1890s, he had broken off relations with all of his Jewish friends, publicly disavowed his previous friendships with Jewish artists, and refused to use models who he believed might be Jewish. He remained an outspoken anti-Semite and member of the anti-Semitic "Anti-Dreyfusards" until his death.

 Lyman Frank Baum (5/15, 1856 – 5/6, 1919) was an author, poet, playwright, actor, and independent filmmaker best known today as the creator - along with illustrator WW Denslow - of one of the most popular books in US children's literature, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.  Even though Baum in interviews suggested they were only children’s stories, critics have seen the political, economic and social environs in the Wizard of Oz.  Many of the events and characters of the book resemble the actual political personalities, events and ideas of the 1890s; i.e. she must take silver down the path of gold, the path of free coinage (free silver).  Following the road of gold leads eventually only to the Emerald City, which may symbolize the fraudulent world of greenback paper money that only pretends to have value, or may symbolize the greenback value that is placed on gold (and for silver, possibly).  Cyclone as metaphor for political revolution; Munchkins are the Little People; Monkeys were used in cartoons to ridicule politicians.  Politicians of the era often talked about wizards.

 John Muir (4/21, 1838 – 12/24, 1914) was a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the US. He wrote letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and his activism helped save the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and other wilderness areas.  The Sierra Club, which he founded, is now one of the most important conservation organizations.  In his later life, Muir devoted most of his time to the preservation of the Western forests.  He petitioned the U.S. Congress for the National Park bill that was passed in 1890, establishing both Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks.  Because of the spiritual quality and enthusiasm toward nature expressed in his writings, he was able to inspire readers, including presidents and congressmen, to take action to help preserve large nature areas.  He is today referred to as the "Father of the National Parks”.   John Muir, by the time he was 11, had memorized the entire New Testament and nearly all of the Old Testament.  Upon entering the university he preached on the virtues of personal holiness and the need to be saved.  He was elected president of the YMCA.

 1890 The Ouija board also known as a spirit/fire key board or talking board, is a flat board marked with the letters of the alphabet, the numbers 0-9, the words "yes", "no", "hello" and "goodbye" and various symbols and graphics.  Following its commercial introduction by businessman Elijah Bond on July 1, 1890, the Ouija board was regarded as a harmless parlor game unrelated to the occult until American Spiritualist Pearl Curran popularized its use as a divining tool during World War I.   While Ouija believers feel the paranormal or supernatural is responsible for Ouija's action, it may be parsimoniously explained by unconscious movements of those controlling the pointer, a psychophysiological phenomenon known as the ideomotor effect.  Elijah Jefferson Bond (1/23, 1847 – 4/14, 1921) was a lawyer and inventor.  Although he invented and patented items including a steam boiler, he is best remembered for patenting what became known as the Ouija Board.  By 1907 Bond had relocated to West Virginia where he registered a trademark on the word "Nirvana" on June 18, 1907.  The mark incorporated a swastika as its logo and the company which produced these boards was named The Swastika Novelty Company.

 Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (10/16 1854 – 11/30 1900) was an Irish writer and poet.  He is remembered for his epigrams, plays and the circumstances of his imprisonment, followed by his early death.  In The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890), an unnamed Jew introduces Sybil Vane to Dorian, and is called "that horrid old Jew," and "hideous Jew."   He is remembered for his epigrams, plays and the circumstances of his imprisonment, followed by his early death.  His trial portrayed the world of the Victorian underground.  Wilde's association with blackmailers and male prostitutes, cross-dressers and homosexual brothels was recorded, and various persons involved were interviewed, some being coerced to appear as witnesses since they too were accomplices to the crimes of which Wilde was accused.  “The Picture of Dorian Gray” (1890) tells of a young Dorian Gray, the subject of a painting by artist Basil Hallward.  Basil is impressed by Dorian's beauty and becomes infatuated with him, believing his beauty is responsible for a new mode in his art.  Dorian (whimsically) expresses a desire to sell his soul to ensure the portrait Basil has painted would age rather than he.  Dorian's wish is fulfilled, and when he subsequently pursues a life of debauchery, the portrait serves as a reminder of the effect each act has upon his soul, with each sin displayed as a disfigurement of his form, or through a sign of aging.  The Picture of Dorian Gray is considered a work of classic gothic fiction with a strong Faustian theme. (Would not this be about Wilde’s own debauchery?)  A minor character is the Jewish manager Isaacs, who runs the theatre. He is part of a tawdry environment: “A hideous Jew, in the most amazing waistcoat I ever beheld in my life, was standing at the entrance, smoking a vile cigar.  He had greasy ringlets, and an enormous diamond blazed in the centre of a soiled shirt.  Ô Have a box, my Lord?' he said, when he saw me, and he took off his hat with an air of gorgeous servility.  There was something about him, Harry, that amused me.  He was such a monster.”  “On the first night I was at the theatre, the horrid old Jew came round to the box after the performance was over, and offered to take me behind the scenes and introduce me to her. . . . He was a most offensive brute, though he had an extraordinary passion for Shakespeare.  He told me once, with an air of pride, that his five bankruptcies were entirely due to "The Bard," as he insisted on calling him.  He seemed to think it a distinction.”  His play “The Importance of Being Earnest” (1895) also is against Victorian morals.

 (etching 1890s) George Alfred G A Henty (12/8, 1832 – 11/16, 1902), was a prolific English novelist and a special correspondent.  He is best known for his historical adventure stories that were popular in the late 19th century.  Henty's commercial popularity encouraged other writers to try writing juvenile adventure stories in his style; "Herbert Strang", Percy F. Westerman and Captain F.S. Brereton all wrote novels in "the Henty tradition", often incorporating then-contemporary themes such as aviation and First World War combat.  Henty wrote 122 works of historical fiction.

Some Victorian writers accused Henty's novels of being xenophobic towards non-British people and objected to his glorification of British imperialism.  Henty supported the Loyalist side in the American War of Independence, was strongly hostile to the French Revolution, but denounced the acts of England's king, Edward I.  Henty took the side of the "aristocratic" Confederacy against the Union.  McDorman states Henty disliked blacks and also, in Henty's fiction, that "…Boers and Jews were considered equally ignoble". 

1890 September The Pan-German League is founded by Alfred Hugenberg and became one of the most effective groups in spreading the truth about the Jews, demanding restrictions on the Jewish press, enactment of laws barring Jews from key professions, and prohibitions against "mixed" marriages.

  Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (7/28, 1812 – 3/19, 1887) was a Polish writer, historian and journalist who produced more than 200 novels and 150 novellas, short stories, and art reviews (including painters, e.g., Michał Kulesza. He is best known for his epic series on the history of Poland, comprising twenty-nine novels in seventy-nine parts.  “The Jew” (1890)

 ~1890 Five Jewesses

1891         1891         1891         1891

~6/29, 1891.   Xanten, Prussia. A five-year-old boy called Hegmann was murdered, his throat cut and the body bloodless. "The Government did all in its power to suppress the rumor" of ritual murder.  The doctor who examined the body retracted his first testimony after his banking account increased. The Minister of Justice, de Schelling, was a Jew. The accused Jewish ritual slaughterer, who had been arrested, was acquitted.

Gustaf Hermann Dalman (1855-1941) was a German Lutheran theologian and orientalist.  He did extensive field work in Palestine, collecting poetry and proverbs. “Jesus Christ in the Talmud, Midrash, Zohar, and the Liturgy of the Synagogue” 1891   “The hatred and scorn of the Jews was always directed in the first place against the person of Jesus.  The Jesus-hatred of the Jew is a firmly established fact, but they want to show it as little as possible... it is the most national trait of Judaism...  At the approach of Christianity, the Jews were seized ever and again with a fury and hatred that were akin to madness...  No orthodox Jew may use the name of Christ either in speech or in writing; the most common cryptonyms are ‘the bastard’, ‘the hanged’”.

1891 In the Literary Digest (Aug 15, 1891) “The advent of cosmopolitan financing, the international money power, has been one of the consequences of the French Revolution. ….family of Israelite bankers….its five branches.… (Jews have strong families and continue to look after their financial heritage generation after generation, unlike the gentiles who break up after a generation or two.)  Rich Jews no longer become converts to Christianity…. The Talmudist Jews look upon the spoliation of Christians….not merely as a meritorious act, but as a strict conscientious duty.”

1891   France and Russia form a military alliance, threatening Germany.

James Russell Lowell (2/22, 1819 – 8/12, 1891) was a Romantic poet, critic, editor, and diplomat.  He is associated with the Fireside Poets, a group of New England writers who were among the first American poets who rivaled the popularity of British poets.  He saw Jewish machinations everywhere and exclaimed that the rise of the Jews to world power was driving him mad.  “Where would the JEW be among a society of primitive men without pockets?”

 ****1891 - Christian Socialism can include modern Liberation theology and the doctrine of the social gospel (1907).  The term also pertains to such earlier figures as the nineteenth century writers Frederick Denison Maurice (The Kingdom of Christ, 1838), Charles Kingsley (The Water-Babies, 1863), Thomas Hughes (Tom Brown's Schooldays, 1857), Frederick James Furnivall (co-creator of the Oxford English Dictionary), Adin Ballou (Practical Christian Socialism, 1854), and Francis Bellamy (a Baptist minister and the author of the United States' Pledge of Allegiance).

In Catholicism, the Rerum Novarum encyclical of Leo XIII (1891) was the starting point of a teaching on social questions that is still being updated. Rerum Novarum explicitly rejects what it calls "the main tenet of socialism":  "Hence, it is clear that the main tenet of socialism, community of goods, must be utterly rejected, since it only injures those whom it would seem meant to benefit, is directly contrary to the natural rights of mankind, and would introduce confusion and disorder into the commonwealth. The first and most fundamental principle, therefore, if one would undertake to alleviate the condition of the masses, must be the inviolability of private property."  Despite the explicit rejection of Socialism, in the more Catholic countries of Europe the encyclical's teaching was the inspiration that led to the formation of new Christian-inspired Socialist parties.

Instead the encyclical promotes a kind of corporatism based on social solidarity among the classes with respects for the needs and rights of all.  Many of the ongoing Catholic discussions are similar in intent to Nazism or Italian fascism bearing welfare for the community with individual responsibility.   Just as many words are complicated by a large range of definitions, so is Socialism, which in its political form is identified with atheistic, totalitarian Communism, but we are all Socialists to some degree, especially with public schools and the network of social security through government health insurances. 

1891 New York Tribune.  “There must be some other cause than their religion which makes these people dreaded as permanent inhabitants by every country to which they come.” (September 27, 1891)

12/19, 1891 “Labour Leader”, of the British Independent Labour Party the paper of the I.L.P., stated that: "This blood-sucking crew has been the cause of untold mischief and misery in Europe during the present century, and has piled up its prodigious wealth chiefly through fomenting wars between States which ought never to have quarreled.  Whenever there is trouble in Europe, wherever rumors of war circulate and men’s minds are distraught with fear of change and calamity you may be sure that a hook-nosed Rothschild is at his games somewhere near the region of the disturbance." 

The Jew AND Human Sacrifice [Human Blood and Jewish Ritual]: An Historical and Sociological Inquiry (~1891) by Hermann L Strack, (Professor of Theology at Berlin University )Contents: I. Introduction; II. Human Sacrifice—"Blood Ritual"; III. Human Blood Serves to Ratify the given word; IV. The Blood of other Persons used for Healing Purposes; V. Human Blood Cures Leprosy; VI. Utilization of One's own blood; VII. Blood of Executed Persons : Hangman's Rope; VIII. Corpses and Parts of Corpses; IX. Animal Blood; X. Waste and Evacuations of Human and Animal Bodies; XT. The Blood Superstition as a Cause of Crime; XII. Blood Superstition Among Criminals and its Consequences; XIII. Superstition among Dements : Crimes Owing to Religious Mania; XIV. What does the Jewish Religious Law say about the partaking of Blood and the utilization of portions of Corpses; XV. Popular Therapeutics of Blood Superstition within the Jewish people; XVI. Is the use of Christian Blood required or allowed for any rite whatever of the Jewish Religion?; XVII. The Austrian Professor and Canon Aug. Rohling; XVIII. The Pretended Evidence of History for Jewish Ritual Murder; XIX. Contradiction of the "Blood Accusation" by pious Jews as well as Christians; XX. About the Origin of the "Blood Accusation".

1892         1892         1892         1892

Illustration from the "Politischen Bilderbogen" titled "The Jews in Germany", Dresden, 1892 (lithograph)

 Walter "Walt" Whitman (5/31, 1819 – 3/26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works.  His work was very controversial in its time, particularly his poetry collection Leaves of Grass, which was described as obscene for its overt sexuality.  He was discovered again in the Jewish freedom of the 1960’s.  (Look at his face, was he a Sephardic Jew whose ancestors chose Quakerism to blend in?)

Israel Zangwill (1/21, 1864 – 8/1, 1926) was an English Jew humorist and writer and ardent Zionist.  Zangwill wrote a very influential novel “Children of the Ghetto: A Study of a Peculiar People” (1892).  The use of the metaphorical phrase melting pot to describe American absorption of immigrants was popularized by Zangwill's play “The Melting Pot” in 1908.

Anatole France (4/16 1844 – 10/12 1924), born François-Anatole Thibault, was a French poet, journalist, and novelist.  He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in recognition of his literary achievements.  The repugnant figure of the kabbalist, Masaides, in the novel (At the Sign of the Reine Pédauque) (1892), displeases Jewish literary arbiters. The character is supposed to be based on one of the members of the Jewish circle around Elijah Montalto, court physician to (real-life) Marie de Medicis and apparent ring-leader of a "Judaizing" and black magic agitation during her time. 

 1892 The Reverend Justinas Bonaventura Pranaitis or Pronaitis (July 27, 1861 - January 28, 1917) was a Lithuanian Catholic priest, Russian Master of Theology and Professor of the Hebrew Language at the Imperial Ecclesiastical Academy of the Roman Catholic Church in Saint Petersburg, Russia.  He published an anti-Semitic tract which was subsequently translated into Polish (1892), French (1892), German (1894), Russian (1911), Lithuanian (1912), Italian (1939), English (1939) and Spanish. The English translation of the book is titled The Talmud Unmasked: The Secret Rabbinical Teachings concerning Christians.  Pranaitis rose to fame in the blood libel case of Menahem Mendel Beilis in Russia in 1912; Beilis was accused of murdering a Christian child to take his blood for alleged Jewish rituals, and for Matzah for Passover. Pranaitis was called as a expert witness to testify to the Talmudic hatred of Christians.  Beilis was eventually found not guilty (because of Jewish influence?).

**The Pledge of Allegiance:  “I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.” was originally composed in 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855–1931), who was a Baptist minister, a Christian socialist, and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy (1850–1898).  In 1954 "under God" was added. In 1923, "my Flag" to be changed to "the Flag of the United States" and the Congress officially recognized the Pledge as the official national pledge on June 22, 1942.  Swearing of the pledge and from 1892 to 1942 it was similar to the fascist salute.  Americans had also been very critical of the Nazi flag being used in German Christian churches, but until only recently, every US church had a US flag inside on stage, many still do.  The raising of the out-stretched hand was one of honor, symbolizing that the recipient is “under God”.  It was called the Bellamy salute.  Modern Pentecostals and Charismatics often raise their hands for similar reasons.  Communists clench their fists defiantly.

Carl Rudolf Paasch (Charles) (6/20, 1848 -10/23, 1915) was a German businessman and anti-Semitic journalist.  Even Jewish experts have conceded that his “A Jewish-German Legation(?)”(1892?)... was an elaborate and thoroughly researched study of Jewish subversion.  He suggested the Jews ought to be deported to New Guinea.

Edmond Picard (12/15 1836–2/19 1924) was a Belgian jurist and writer.  He became an enthusiast for the anti-Jewish socialism of Édouard Drumont.  His “The Synthesis of AntiSemitism” (1892) was a monumental attempt to gather all the evidence of Jewish crimes and subversion against Gentiles.  In his later work, The Aryano-Semitism (1899), he wrote: "The antagonism between the Semitic race and the Aryan race is as old as the co-existence of the two races."

Isidore Loeb (11/1, 1839–6/3, 1892) was a French-Jewish Rabbi. "Nations will gather together to bring their homage to the people of God; the whole fortune of nations will pass into the hands of the Jewish people.  Peoples and realms that will not serve Israel will be destroyed.  The Chosen People will drink the milk of nations and suck the breast of kings, eat the fortunes of nations."— quoted by the French author Georges Batault in his "Le Probleme Juif," Paris.

  Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (11/24, 1864 – 9/9, 1901) was a French painter, printmaker, draughtsman, and illustrator, whose immersion in the colorful and theatrical life of Paris in the late 1800s yielded a collection of exciting, elegant and provocative images of the modern and sometimes decadent life of those times.  Toulouse-Lautrec is known along with Cézanne, Van Gogh, and Gauguin as one of the greatest painters of the Post-Impressionist period.  Toulouse-Lautrec’s 1892 poster Reine de joie, which promoted a novel by that name, represents an elderly banker as a lascivious, balding, pot-bellied Jew whose ethnic nose is pinned down by a vigorous kiss from a dark-haired, red-lipped courtesan.

The can-can is a high-energy and physically demanding music hall dance, traditionally performed by a chorus line of female dancers who wear costumes with long skirts, petticoats, and black stockings.  The main features of the dance are the lifting and manipulation of the skirts, with high kicking and suggestive, provocative body movements.  The cancan first appeared in the working-class ballrooms in Paris in around 1830.  By the 1840s, women were performing alone.  In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the cancan was viewed as much more erotic because the dancers made use of the extravagant underwear of the period, and the contrasting black stockings.  They lifted and manipulated their skirts much more, and incorporated a move sometimes considered the most cheeky and provocative—bending over and throwing their skirts over their backs, presenting their bottoms to the audience.

 Ellis Island, in Upper New York Bay, was the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States as the nation's busiest immigrant inspection station from 1892 until 1954.  The island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965, and has hosted a museum of immigration since 1990.  Even before the 1920s, when the United States determined which immigrants could legally enter and live in this country by implementing a quota system (which was in effect through the mid 1960’s), there was a preferential treatment given to more affluent immigrants. While passengers whose ticket was for "steerage" or third-class travel had to face a series of entrance requirements that lasted between two and five hours, no such admission tests were given to first- or second-class passengers.  Unless these passengers showed evidence of a contagious disease, they were given quick entry to New York City.  Two agencies conducted the inspections and set the requirements for immigrants at Ellis Island. The United States Public Health Service conducted a medical inspection. Then, the Bureau of Immigration made a legal inspection.  Together, the two inspections could take up to five hours.  Then the immigrant would either be admitted to New York City, interned as an "alien radical" or deported.

The medical inspection started with a trip up three flights of stairs. This would reveal whether the immigrant suffered from any physical disability, lameness, shortness of breath or obvious heart condition. It was followed by a doctor-inspections to prevent people who had infectious diseases from entering the country, they also looked for evidence of chronic illness, mental illness and trachoma.  The legal inspection was 29 questions in one of 39 languages. The immigrants were required to answer questions about their name, gender, marital status, occupation, literacy, race and health.  They were asked if they had ever been to prison, were polygamists or had ever participated in anarchist activity. Immigrants were not permitted to remain in the country if they had a contagious disease such as smallpox, yellow fever or the measles or if they were deemed unable to provide for themselves, they would be refused admission.  If they were assessed as likely to become an illegal contract laborer, they would be refused entry.  If deemed "likely to become a public charge" or LPC, they were sent back to their homelands without ever being allowed to set foot on the American mainland.  Steerage class immigrants were required to have the equivalent of $50.00 as a token that they could support themselves and not be a burden on the country.  Steerage class passengers also paid about $34.00 for passage.  Since an average working man earned about a dollar a day and since inflation has destroyed the American dollar, this $84.00 needed to come across the Atlantic would be the equivalent of about $8400.00 or 84 days of wages for a person to come to America.  There were very few truly poor who came.

**Poor Jews: Throughout history Jews have always kept easily transferable treasures/money handy.   The Jews leaving the shetls of the Pale were the poorest, but they needed money to travel.  Many in the time of the programs moved to Eastern Europe and Germany and stayed, both living of the welfare of their host countries and others buying up businesses and creating their Kahalic monopolies.  Others traveled on to the East End of London and did the same.  Others traveled onto America.  Eastern European Jews were the stereotype of looking shabby and dirty.  The rich simply looked shabby and dirty and had their coats lined with jewels.  Many Jewish biographies start off telling how little money they started out on, but in reality they were much better off than their gentile neighbors and in addition had marvelous connections.

1893         1893         1893         1893

 Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States.  Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897).

1893 US seizes the Kingdom of Hawaii.  It becomes a US Territory and much later a State in 1959.

US involved in wars nearly every year of existence.  A few are included within the timeline below for the next century.  The American system of government may be one of the best and Americans may boast the loudest of their righteous heritage, but these are included to show the typical US imperialistic power maneuvers over other nations.

 1893 Parliament of the World’s Religions was the first attempt to create a global dialogue of faiths.  Chicago was hosting the World Columbian Exposition, an early world’s fair.  This Parliament was held in conjunction with the exposition.  The event was celebrated by another conference on its centenary in 1993.  This led to a new series of conferences under the official title "Parliament of the World's Religions".

1893- Davis Hanson Waite (4/9, 1825 – 11/27, 1901), U.S. Populist Party and Democratic Party politician, served as the eighth Governor of Colorado from 1893 to 1895.  A passionate supporter of the Populist Party's Omaha Platform, he was nicknamed "Bloody Bridles" for an 1893 speech, in which he proclaimed, "It is better, infinitely better that blood should flow to the horses' bridles rather than our national liberties should be destroyed."

1893 -(Jew?) René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (12/4, 1875 – 12/29, 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian–Austrian poet.  He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language.  His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets.  His mother, Sophie ("Phia") Entz (1851–1931), came from a well-to-do Prague family, the Entz-Kinzelbergers.  Rilke's little-known 1898 poem, "Visions of Christ" depicted Mary Magdalene as the mother to Jesus' child.  Quoting Susan Haskins: "It was Rilke's explicit belief that Christ was not divine, was entirely human, and deified only on Calvary, expressed in an unpublished poem of 1893, and referred to in other poems of the same period, which allowed him to portray Christ's love for Mary Magdalen, though remarkable, as entirely human."

Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS (5/4 1825 – 6/29 1895) was an English biologist, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.  In a letter, he mentioned "a little Jew - of whom I know nothing and hate as I hate all the chosen peoplesh [sic]," accompanying it with a bloat-nosed caricature. (The Huxley MSS.)  One of the first advocates of scientific 'higher criticism' in reference to Biblical lore, he proclaimed himself as struggling to smash the "No Trespassing sign" that Christian fundamentalists had posted "By Order, Moses." (Science and Hebrew Tradition,1893-4) He exposed the Noah myth as a crude plagiarism from the Gilgamesh in his Hasisdra's Adventure.

 ****1893  Turnverein: The Turner movement began just after Napoleon's humiliating defeat of the Prussian army in 1806, when Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, its founder born in 1778, started preaching that an independent Germany could result only through the unification of German lands, democratic reforms, and young Germans trained in vigorous physical exercise, patriotic ideals and love of liberty.

     The movement grew after Jahn in 1811, embarked on the training of young men, both physically and mentally, for the liberation and unification of Germany under a reformed government.  Turner societies spread throughout German lands, and Jahn's form of gymnastics launched a course of physical training that was to spread throughout 19th century Europe.  Jahn popularized the motto "Frisch, Fromm, Fröhlich, Frei" ("Hardy, Pious, Cheerful, Free") with a symbol of Four F’s (like a swastika).

     When the 1848 revolution broke out, the Turners divided into two camps: The conservative camp, favoring a constitutional monarchy as well as athletic and social programs, formed by the Deutscher Turnerbund.  In the same year the more radical Turner formed the Demokratischer Turnerbund, under Friedrich Hecker and Gustave Struve These Turners fought alongside the democratic forces in Baden.  Many members of the Demokratischer Turnerbund, after failure of the 1848 Revolution, went into exile, largely in the United States.

In the United States, Turners changed their slogan to FFST, "Frisch und Frei, Stark und Treu"(Fresh (hardy), Free, Strong, Good).

     By 1855, 74 societies had been formed, with about 4500 members.  By 1860 there were perhaps 10,000 American Turners.  Between 1847 and 1857, about one million Germans emigrated to the United States.  The leadership during this period consisted of many former journalists, teachers and other professionals educated in Germany.  It was the American Civil War, however, that brought Turners into a position of prominence. Throughout the Unites States, Turners were among the first to volunteer for military service.  More than two-thirds of American Turners served in the Union Army.

A German Gymnastics newspaper from 1876 states that the Club and Symbol had been accepted in France, England, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Denmark, Holland.

     In the mid-1880's, the Turners' facilities and membership numbers soared. In 1880 the national membership was about 13,000 and spread over 186 societies. Over the next decade the Turnerbund more than tripled in size, reaching its high point of 42,000 in 1893.   Despite the Turners' strong support for the American military effort during World War I, they were put under extreme pressure by anti-German propaganda, with many Turner societies coming under surveillance by by local, state and federal authorities. Despite the war hysteria, however, the American Turners came through the war intact.  Membership dropped only slightly from pre-war levels (39,000 in 1917 to 34,000 in 1920).

 The last Turnfest in Germany was in 1928.  In 1938, the American Turnerbund changed its name to the "American Turners."       During the 1940's and 1950's the membership improved, rising to 25,000 in 1950.  The society placed a number of Turner-trained gymnasts on the 1956 U.S. Olympic team.       But by the 1960's a decline was clear.

 Nikola Tesla (7/10, 1856 – 1/7, 1943) was a Serbian-American inventor, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer.  He was an important contributor to the birth of commercial electricity, and is best known for his many revolutionary developments in the field of electromagnetism following the writings of Michael Faraday.  Tesla's patents and theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current (AC) electric power systems, including the polyphase system of electrical distribution and the AC motor.  Tesla's patents and theoretical work also formed the basis of wireless communication and the radio.  In the United States during this time, Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture.  Tesla demonstrated wireless energy transfer to power electronic devices as early as 1893.  Because of his eccentric personality and his seemingly unbelievable and sometimes bizarre claims about possible scientific and technological developments, Tesla was ultimately ostracized and regarded as a mad scientist by many late in his life.  Tesla died with little money at the age of 86 in a hotel suite in New York City.  “Miss!  Never trust a Jew!” -to a secretary, as quoted in Tesla: Man Out of Time (1998) by Margaret Cheney.  The 10 Inventions of Nikola Tesla: 1. Alternating Current 2. Light  3. X-rays  4. Radio  5. Remote Control 6. Electric Motor 7. Robotics  8. Laser   9 and 10. Wireless Communications and Limitless Free Energy.

1893 SIM (Serving In Mission) is an international, interdenominational Christian mission organization.  It is now made up of united organizations that began more than 100 years ago, including Africa Evangelical Fellowship, Andes Evangelical Mission, International Christian Fellowship and Sudan Interior Mission.  In 2008 SIM had about 1,800 active missionaries, from 37 countries serving in over 43 countries in 5 continents (South America, Africa and Asia).

Nicolas Camille Flammarion (2/26, 1842—6/3, 1925) was a French astronomer and author. He was a prolific author of more than fifty titles, including popular science works about astronomy, several notable early science fiction novels, and several works about Spiritism and related topics.  His “Omega: The Last Days of the World” (1893) concerns a Jewish stockbroker who stays at his telephone speculating while the whole world is threatened with destruction.  The author credited Jews with ability to profit financially from any contingency.

Francis Thompson (12/16, 1859 – 11/13, 1907) was an English poet and ascetic.  He wrote the “Hound of Heaven” (1893).   As the hound follows the hare, never ceasing in its running, ever drawing nearer in the chase, with unhurrying and imperturbed pace, so does God follow the fleeing soul by His Divine grace.  And though in sin or in human love, away from God it seeks to hide itself, Divine grace follows after, unwearyingly follows ever after, till the soul feels its pressure forcing it to turn to Him alone in that never ending pursuit.” —'The Neumann Press Book of Verse, 1988

1893 “The Operated Jew” is a satirical antisemitic book by German physician Oskar Panizza.  The book told the story of a young Jewish doctor, who because of antisemitic pressures, seeks to escape his Jewishness by submitting himself to a series of violently painful medical procedures . The doctor has stereotypical Jewish features: black curly hair, oily skin, thick lips, and a large, hooked nose, an effeminate voice, has poor posture and is orthopedically impaired.  He agrees to undergo a complex medical operation in order to free himself from his Jewishness.  Ultimately, he arranges to have all his bones straightened out, has his hair dyed blonde, and gets his larynx altered to change his voice.  He is placed in a bathtub and given a blood transfusion by pure Aryan virgins.  Having been seemingly cured of his Jewishness, he weds a blonde German woman.  However, just as he is about to deliver a speech at his wedding, his voice takes on a high pitch, as all his previous Jewish features resurface.  He ultimately winds up as a gelinatous puddle on the floor, thus signifying the immutability of the Jew: a Jew is always a Jew, regardless of whatever attempts at assimilation he may undertake.  The book incorporated all the elements of modern, racial antisemitism: the expression of desire on part of the Jew to escape his identity, the lengths to which he will go to transform himself, the pornographic quality of the affair (as exemplified by the Aryan virgins), and the impossibility of it all.  It sought to illustrate that Jews cannot escape their race; if they try, they become something non-human, and indeed sub-human.

1893 edition of Edouard Drumont's newspaper La Libre parole.

From the 1893 pamphlet Coin's Financial School p.142

1894         1894         1894         1894

 Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (11/13, 1850 – 12/3, 1894) was a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist and travel writer. His best-known books include Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.  "Jew storekeepers have already learned the advantage to be gained from this [unlimited credit]: they lead on the farmer into irretrievable indebtedness, and keep him ever after as their bondslave hopelessly grinding in the mill." (Across the Plains, by Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson)

 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. (8/29, 1809 – 10/7, 1894) was a physician, professor, lecturer, and author.  Regarded by his peers as one of the best writers of the 19th century, he is considered a member of the Fireside Poets.  His most famous prose works are the "Breakfast-Table" series, which began with The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table (1858).  He is recognized as an important medical reformer. ("the principal use of the Jews seemed to be to lend money ...").  In a poem originally entitled “A Hebrew Tale”, Holmes recounts how he was hemmed in by Jews attending a play.  He found their appearance distasteful, reminding him of their deicide, of their perfidy, of their usury, of their murder of Christian children.  In this one poem, Holmes captures the two millennia of Jewish history in Christian lands, and the promise of a better future.  Holmes mentions the “hooked-nosed kite of carrion clothes, The sneaky usurer, him that crawls And cheats …  Spawn of the race that slew its Lord.  Up came their murderous deeds of old,… Of children caught and crucified; …of Judas and his bribe…” and then in Christian philo-Semitism he says, “The shadow floated from my soul, And to my lips a whisper stole,…From thee the son of Mary came, With thee the Father deigned to dwell,—Peace be upon thee, Israel. (Holmes, The Complete Poetical Works of Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1895)

 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (3/8, 1841 – 3/6, 1935) was a jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court from 1902 to 1932.  Holmes espoused a form of moral skepticism and opposed the doctrine of natural law, marking a significant shift in American jurisprudence. In a 1927 decision, Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. wrote, "It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind…. Three generations of imbeciles are enough."  Holmes wrote many conservative opinions, but being friends with Jews helped created his lasting good reputation.  He was friends with Justice Felix Frankfurter, Judge Jerome Frank, English political theorist Harold Laski, journalist Max Lerner and lawyer/philosopher Morris Cohen.

Henry Demarest Lloyd (5/1, 1847 – 9/28, 1903) was a progressive political activist and a forerunner to the later muckraking journalist.  He is best remembered for his exposés of the Standard Oil Company, before Ida M. Tarbell's similar series.  In 1894, Lloyd ran for U.S. Congress as a candidate of the People's Party, the "Populists."   In subsequent years he was supportive of the aims of the Socialist Party of America, although he was never an active member of the organization.  Henry Demarest Lloyd wrote “Wealth Against Commonwealth”.

Gustave Le Bon (5/7, 1841–12/13, 1931) was a French social psychologist, sociologist, and amateur physicist.  He was the author of several works in which he expounded theories of national traits, racial superiority, herd behavior and crowd psychology.  It is arguable that the fascist theories of leadership that emerged during the 1920s owed much to Le Bon's theories of crowd psychology.  Benito Mussolini made a careful study of Le Bon's crowd psychology book.  Edward Bernays, a nephew of Sigmund Freud, was influenced by Le Bon and Trotter. In his famous book Propaganda he declared that a major feature of democracy was the manipulation of the mass mind by media and advertising.  (1881; Man and Society), (1894; The Psychology of Peoples), (1895; The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, 1896), (1896; Psychology of Socialism)  “The First Civilization” contends that the ancient Jews were bereft of arts, sciences and any of the other factors of civilization, and that to build Solomon's Temple, they had to import the artisans.

George Louis Palmella Busson du Maurier (3/6, 1834 – 10/8, 1896) was a French-born British cartoonist and author, known for his cartoons in Punch and his novel Trilby (1894).  Trilby is set in the 1850s in an idyllic bohemian Paris.  Though it features the stories of two English and a Scottish artist — one of the most memorable characters is Svengali, a Jewish rogue, masterful musician, and hypnotist.

 ****1894   Alfred Dreyfus (10/9, 1859 – 7/12, 1935), a Jewish captain in the French army, is convicted of giving secrets to Germany.  This is a famous case of a ‘supposed’ false accusation.  On September 19, 1899, following a passionate campaign by his supporters, including leading artists and intellectuals like Émile Zola, Dreyfus was pardoned by President Émile Loubet in 1899 and released from prison.   Whenever a Jew is in trouble, other Jews rush to his defense.  He had been subjected to a second trial in that year and again declared guilty of treason.  Dreyfus, however, officially remained a traitor in a French court of law.  On July 12, 1906, Dreyfus was officially exonerated by a military commission.  Many continued to believe in his guilt: Rudyard Kipling, Arthur Conan Doyle, Hilaire Belloc,  GK Chesterton.

The Dreyfus affair divided France into two camps, "Dreyfusards" and "anti-Dreyfus" clashed in the press.  The Dreyfusards were composed mainly from the Jewish ranks and socialists.   They denounced the alliance of the army and the church.  The antiDreyfusards were from the Catholic right, honoring the army and the Church and were nationalists.

Jewish Battle Cries against Gentiles: Blood Libel, Never again, Holocaust, Anti-Semitic, Protocols of the Elders of Zion – all these words deprecate the Gentile’s fact or opinions.  (see Jew Cover-up 1140)  The Jews see an attack against one of them as an attack against the group, so they attack back as a group and use one of these several memes to tar and feather the offender.  Jews excluded a priori (before the fact) the possible guilt of Captain Dreyfus.  Instead of standing aside and allowing the justice to take its due course, they created mass hysteria in France and Russia, thus obtaining acquittals but also undermining popular belief in the judicial system.  After Dreyfus trial, Jews rose above the law.  This helped cause the backlash of the 1930s.  In a better world, Dreyfusards and Beylissists would be sentenced for contempt of court; for their unspoken axiom was ‘a Gentile may not judge a Jew’.

1896 Colonel Georges Picquart, the new chief of French military intelligence, attempts to reopen the Dreyfus case and is dismissed after bringing charges against Major Ferdinand Esterhazy.  In 1897, Alfred Dreyfus's brother succeeds in having Major Ferdinand Esterhazy brought to trial.  Against all evidence, Esterhazy is acquitted.  Charles Marie Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy (12/6, 1847 – 5/21, 1923) was a commissioned officer in the French armed forces during the second half of the 19th century who has gained notoriety as a spy for the German Empire and the actual perpetrator (?) of the act of treason of which Captain Alfred Dreyfus was accused and convicted in 1894.  Esterhazy was born in Hungary.  (Was he also a Jew?) 

1899 Alfred Dreyfus is granted a retrial, but once again is found guilty. Afterward, President Emile Loubet grants him a pardon.  1906 The Dreyfus affair ends after Alfred Dreyfus is vindicated by a civilian court and readmitted into the French army.

Impressionists - Julie reported that Renoir was convinced, along with other prominent artists like Cezanne, Degas and Forain, that Jewish Captain Alfred Dreyfus had given the Germans military secrets.

On the other side of the famous spy controversy were Monet, Pissarro, Charpentier, the composer, and Mirbeau, the novelist and playwright, who 'were friendly with the most stalwart Dreyfusards, notably Emile Zola. Julie stated that Renoir's anti-Dreyfus stance could be ascribed to his political conservatism and his dislike for Marxism.

The following is the entry for Jan. 15, 1898, in Julie's diary: In Renoir's studio ... they were talking about the Dreyfus case and against the Jews: "They come to France to make money and then when there is fighting they go and hide behind a tree." M. Renoir says, "There were plenty of them in the army because the Jew likes to walk around wearing officers' ornaments.

Ambroise-Paul-Toussaint-Jules Valéry (10/30, 1871 – 7/20, 1945) was a French poet, essayist, and philosopher.  His interests were sufficiently broad that he can be classified as a polymath.  In addition to his poetry and fiction (drama and dialogues) and aphorisms on art, history, letters, music, and current events, he also wrote many misanthropic diatribes on human nature.  He is remembered bitterly by some Jews because he once supported Édouard Drumont in the long-running public information struggle against the accused Jewish traitor, Dreyfus. (NYT Book Review, September 9, 1973)

Paul Leautaud (1/18, 1872 -2/22, 1956) helped campaign against the accused traitor, Dreyfus, and progressed to the point where he was complaining about Corneille and Racine dramas being performed by "Jewesses with ugly ears."  He defended himself as being opposed merely to "the Jewish theater" which had taken over in France - by which he seems to have meant virtually all Playwrights and producers of his time. ("Paul Léautaud. . ." (NYT Book Review)

  Pierre-Auguste Renoir (2/25, 1841 – 12/3, 1919) was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style.  As a celebrator of beauty, and especially feminine sensuality, it has been said that "Renoir is the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to Watteau."  Renoir’s denounced the Pissarro family as part of “that Jewish race” of “tenacious” cosmopolitans and draft-dodgers.  To Renoir, [The Jews] come to France to make money, but the moment a fight is on, they hide behind the first tree.  There are so many in the army because the Jew likes to parade around in fancy uniforms.  Every country chases them out, there is a reason for that, and we must not allow them to occupy such a position in France”

  Paul Cézanne (1/19, 1839 – 10/22, 1906) was a French artist and Post-Impressionist painter whose work laid the foundations of the transition from the 19th century conception of artistic endeavour to a new and radically different world of art in the 20th century.  Cézanne can be said to form the bridge between late 19th century Impressionism and the early 20th century's new line of artistic enquiry, Cubism.  The line attributed to both Matisse and Picasso that Cézanne "is the father of us all" cannot be easily dismissed.  Cezanne was an antidreyfusard.

Under the pseudonym V. Lenepveu, Musée des Horreurs [Freak Show]:

The Alfred Dreyfus Collection: Musee des Horreurs

1.Little George - Lt. Col. Marie-Georges Picquart, head of intelligence; 2.?; 3.At the Kennel!!! - Louis Lépine, the prefect of the Paris police; 4.?; 5.Bullet Hole – Fernand Labori, the criminal attorney who defended both Zola and...; 6.The Traitor! – Alfred Dreyfus;  7.Donkey Head – Zadoc Kahn, the grand rabbi of France, officiated the wedding of...; 8.?; 9.Pré-Salé – Francis de Pressensé, president of the League of the Rights of Man; 10.?; 11.The White Lady – Caroline Rémy de Guebhard; 12.?; 14.The Elephant from Jordan – Jean Jaurès, socialist leader;  15.Sign of Great Distress – Eugène Henri Brisson, two-time Prime Minister;  16.The Latest Collapse – Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau was the centrist Prime Minister;  17.Comment on arrive!! – Gaston Auguste Marquis de Galliffet, a retired French general;  18.He is not a Protestant – Ludovic Trarieux, former Minister of Justice;  19.Everything for the People – Alexandre Millerand, socialist politician; 20.?; 21.Del Lâchoda – Théophile Delcassé, Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1898 – 1905; 22.‘Raminamonis’ the Crook -- Ernest Morris was the Minister of Justice; 23.Minister and Traitor – Jean-Marie de Lanessan; 24.Mischief – Maurice Weil was a close friend of Major Ferdinand Esterhazy; 25.?; 26.Ball at the Elysée – This image depicts Loubet hosting Rabbi Kahn; 27.Gag Minister – Georges Leygues was the Minister of Interior; 28.Luci-pouah!! – Louis-Adrien Lucipia; 29.Give This to Dreyfus!! – Yves Guyot, co-founder of the League; 30.The Punishment – Emile Loubet was the Republican President of France from 1899; 31.The Fifth Act; 32.The Traitor Philipp!; 33.En Train de Crever; 34.Let the ruckus begin!! -- Joseph Reinach, politician; 35.Popular amnesty! – Alfred Dreyfus; 36.Fr. André; 37.Clément Armand Fallières, leftist Republican politician; 38.The fear of tomatoes – Pierre Baudin, Minister of Public Works; 39.Brugère amuses himself  – Henri “Joseph” Brugère, military governor; 41.la váleur n'attend pas le nombre des anées!; 42.Nathan Mayer, or the origin of billions – Nathan Rothschild; 43.Karl Mayer le Contrabandier. Karl Mayer-Rothschild.; 44.Le baron James– Baron James Rothschild (1792 – 1868); 45.Le baron Alphonse– Alfonse James de Rothschild, eldest son of Baron James Rothschild; 46.Leonora de Rothschild was the wife and cousin of Alfonse de Rothschild; 47.Henri de Rothschild; 48.Charlotte Mayer – Charlotte de Rothschild, daughter of Baron James de Rothschild; 49.La casserole de Fontainebleu – Alfred Dreyfus to be stewed; 50.Decrais at the tribune – Albert Decrais was Minister

Poultney Bigelow (9/10, 1855 – 5/28, 1954) was a journalist and author.  Poultney was sent to a Potsdam preparatory school and became a friend of Prince Wilhelm and his younger brother, Prince Henry, playing "Cowboys and Indians" with them in the schoolyard.  His friendship and correspondence with the Kaiser continued throughout their lives, though their relations became somewhat more reserved just before World War II as a result of some of the opinions expressed in Bigelow's articles.  For a time, Bigelow was an admirer of both Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini.  He was one of the few writers, although one of the most prominent, who had the integrity to buck the well-orchestrated 'news' campaign pushing the idea that the tsarist Russian government was carrying out an 'extermination' campaign against the Jews.  In one first-hand report, he said: “The Russian knows his Jew better than we know him, and is therefore better qualified to legislate on the subject... There are many patriotic and humane Russians who have given it to me as their deliberate opinion that the Russian peasant would be better off to-day had he never been emancipated.  He is dreamy, good-natured, unpractical and very ignorant.  When he is hard-pressed for money, it is only too easy for him to accept the loan which the accommodating [Jewish] tavernkeeper offers him... He sends, of course, the produce of his farm to the Jew, who acts as broker for him, and reserves his commission, and what he is pleased to consider the interest on his money; and by some mysterious method of calculation, the peasant is always the debtor, and the Jew always happy to accommodate him still further on the same terms... ("The Russian and His Jew," Harper's Monthly Magazine, January, 1894.)

The following excerpts are from "The Russian and His Jew" by Poultney Bigelow, published in Harper's (March 1894).  Bigelow was a respected American historian and journalist, the author of several scholarly books on Germany and Japan.  In 1892 he was expelled from Russia for his writings on that country's domestic politics. Six years later, he was the London Times correspondent for the Spanish-American War.  He died in 1954 at the ripe old age of 99.  "Why do you hate the Jew?" lone day asked my Russian friend.  "Because," said he, "the Jew brings nothing into the country, he takes all he can out of it, and while he is here he makes the peasant his slave, and lives only for the sake of squeezing money out of everything”.

 Army of the Commonweal in Christ: Coxey's Army was a protest march by unemployed workers, led by Ohio businessman Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst up to that time.  Officially named the Army of the Commonweal in Christ, its nickname came from its leader and was more enduring.  It was the first significant popular protest march on Washington and the expression "Enough food to feed Coxey's Army" originates from this march.  The purpose of the march was to protest the unemployment caused by the Panic of 1893 and to lobby for the government to create jobs which would involve building roads and other public works improvements, with workers paid in paper currency which would expand the currency in circulation, consistent with populist ideology.  The Army's western section received the nickname Kelly's Army, after California leader "General" Charles T. Kelly.  Although larger at its beginning, few members of Kelly's Army made it past the Ohio River.  Coxey and other leaders of the movement were arrested the next day for walking on the grass of the United States Capitol.  Interest in the march and protest rapidly dwindled.  A second march was organized in 1914.

1895         1895         1895         1895

  Moritz Carrière (3/5, 1817– 1/19, 1895) was a German philosopher and historian.  He contributed to making the idea of German unity more palatable to the South Germans.  Carrière identified himself with the school of the younger Fichte as one who held the theistic view of the world which aimed at reconciling deism with pantheism, and Christianity with science, art, and history, and who were opposed to ultramontanism.  He urged the conversion of the cathedral of Cologne into a free church.  Although no obstinate adherent of antiquated forms and prejudices, he firmly upheld the fundamental truths of Christianity.

1895 January 24 Sir Randolph Churchill (1849-95), father of Winston Churchill, dies.  At the time of his death, his estate owes Nathaniel "Natty" Rothschild and Rothschild's Bank more than 66,000 pounds, a huge sum at that time.  Had this been generally known, it would have caused a major scandal since he had always shown great favor to the Rothschild family and its various business interests. (The Churchills)

1895 Winter The United States Treasury, practically on the verge of bankruptcy, allows J.P. Morgan and Co. to organize a group of financiers to carry out a private bond sale to replenish the treasury.

 ****The London School of Economics and Political Science is a specialist constituent college of the University of London in London, England.  It was founded in 1895 by Fabian Society members Sidney Webb, Beatrice Webb and George Bernard Shaw.  

 1895 Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy; (9/9, 1828 – 11/20, 1910), was a Russian writer widely regarded as among the greatest of novelists.  His masterpieces War and Peace(1869) and Anna Karenina(1877) represent in their scope, breadth and vivid depiction of 19th-century Russian life and attitudes, the peak of realist fiction.  His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the Sermon on the Mount, caused him in later life to become a fervent Christian anarchist and pacifist.   “Christianity and Patriotism” written by Tolstoy.  It is a polemic against aggressive governments.  By the time of Resurrection(1899), Zhid had been replaced in his writings with the stately Ebrei and the Jewish image touched up accordingly.

 Stephen Crane (11/1, 1871 – 6/5, 1900) was a novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist.  In 1895, he wrote “The Red Badge of Courage”.  Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism.  He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation.  Crane wrote a scene of the Final Judgment, which is seen like a circuslike meeting.  The Jews have crowded the place, thereby keeping away the Gentiles until one thoughtful Gentile prepares a sign reading: “Job Lots. Job Lots.  Down in Sheol…”  When the Jews see this they rush from the place and the “Gentiles moved up to the front seats.”

Wilhelm von Polenz (1/14, 1861 -11/13 1903) was a German native writer, novelist and story writer.   Jews are shown swarming out of the big cities to "harvest" the peasants in his widely read and influential (Peasant from Buttner,1895).  Adolf Hitler is believed to have been influenced by this book in his early years.  Von Polenz described the decadent, Judaized stage of urban civilization as a counterforce to the soulful, naive folk culture which lay over the countryside.

  Elizabeth Cady Stanton (11/12, 1815 – 10/26, 1902) was a social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early woman's movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in 1848.  Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the key theoretician of the woman’s movement and longtime president of the National Woman Suffrage Association, introduced a resolution at the 1885 convention of the association that noted that “dogmas incorporated in the religious creeds derived from Judaism” were “contrary to the law of God as revealed in nature and the precepts of Christ.”  In the first volume of Stanton’s The Woman’s Bible (1895) is laden with criticism of the Jewish God, the Jewish people (“devious,” “petty,” and “immoral”) and the Pentateuch itself (“a long painful record of war, corruption, rapine, and lust”).

****German Homosexuality:

Heinrich Schurtz (12/11, 1863 -5/2, 1903) was a German ethnologist and historian. His most significant work is said to be (Age-classes and Male Bands) which emphasized the role gender and generational issues have in social institutions and argued that basing the society on the family was a step backwards.  His notion of Männerbünde placed male associations, where he deemed masculinity more "unfettered", in opposition family which he saw as dominated by women.  Notions of Männerbünde, though not just Schurtz's, would have an influence on Nazi Germany's SS while in a very different way his ideas on same-sex bonding has become of historical interest to Queer studies. [Queers would use the Jewish meaning of Männerbünde, Schurtz used no sexual meaning!]

 Hans Bluher (Bloomer, article translated) (2/17, 1888 -2/4, 1955) was a German writer and philosopher.  He was a participant and the "first historian" of the Wandervogel.  He rebelled against the Church, but came back to it.  He talked about male-bonding, but in 1924, he married a doctor and had two children with her.  (Supposedly Bluher sexualized Schurtz’ works.  I had a hard time reading an imperfect translation, but my understanding is that Bluher was still talking about an asexual male relationship.  Modern queer studies have misinterpreted and misapplied many cases of male bonding throughout the centuries.  Freud understood male bonding as sexual.  Bluher was considered anti-Semitic once he agreed that Freud was correct for Jewish males, but not for German males.  Sometimes hyper-masculinity, as is the case in some military and athletics, becomes sexually homosexual and this aberrant behavior is from the lack of true male bonding.  Was Ernst Rohm, a sexually acting out homosexual in classic Freudian understanding or in Bluher’s understanding?  If Rohm was a sexual homosexual, then Hitler was correct in purging him.)

 ****Wandervogel (wandering birds) is the name adopted by a popular movement of German youth groups from 1896 onward.  The name can be translated as migratory bird and the ethos is to shake off the restrictions of society and get back to nature and freedom.  The feeling was still of being a common movement, but split into several branches.  The Wandervogel movement was officially established on November 4, 1901 by Herman Hoffmann Fölkersamb, who in 1895 had formed a study circle at the boys' Berlin-Steglitz grammar school where he was teaching.  The Wandervogel soon became the pre-eminent German youth movement.  It was a back-to-nature youth organization emphasizing freedom, self-responsibility, and the spirit of adventure, and took a nationalistic approach, stressing Germany's Teutonic roots.  After World War I, the leaders returned disillusioned from the war.  The same was true for leaders of German Scouting.  So both movements started to influence each other heavily in Germany.  From the Wandervogel came a stronger culture of hiking, adventure, bigger tours to farther places, romanticism and a younger leadership structure. Scouting brought uniforms, flags, more organization, more camps and a clearer ideology.  There was also an educationalist influence from Gustav Wyneken.  Together this led to the emergence of the Bündische Jugend.  The Wandervogel, German Scouting and the Bündische Jugend together are referred to as the German Youth Movement.  This movement was very influential at that time. Its members were romantic and prepared to sacrifice a lot for their ideals.  From 1933 the Nazis outlawed the Wandervogel, German Scouting, the Jungenschaft, and the Bündische Jugend, along with most youth groups independent of the Hitler Youth.  Only church affiliated groups survived, lasting until almost 1936.

1896 German schoolteacher Karl Fischer begins taking students on weekly hikes into remote and wild areas of the country.  Fischer is called the Fuehrer and greeted with "heil." In 1901, Fischer's small group expands into the Wandervogel (wandering birds) and within a decade the movement sweeps Germany. (Waite)  Karl Fischer (3-21, 1881-6/13, 1941).  Fischer himself separated in 1904 accused of being too authoritarian. The last years of his life were spent in poverty. He never married.  He died forgotten, but was rediscovered in the 1960s.

Before World War II, in a context of cordial relations with Germany, and in an effort to promote healthy activities for young people throughout the country, Japan's Ministry of education launched the movement among Japanese universities through its own WanderVogel in 1935.   There was a popularization of mountaineering and a strong emphasis put on autonomy (use of tents over mountain huts, no help from professional guides).  It is now a fairly renowned student club in Japan with activities ranging from mountaineering, sawanobori, ski touring etc...  Some authors have seen the ethos and activities of the Wandervogel as an influence on later social movements, in particular the hippie movement which developed in the USA during the 1960s.

Beyond Wandervogel:

“Friends of Nature” is an international movement with a background in the Social Democratic (Marxist) movement, which aims to make nature accessible to the wider community by providing appropriate recreational and travel facilities.  It began in Austria in 1895 as Naturfreunde among people who enjoyed outdoor activities and began to build their own huts and overnight chalets. The movement spread and it now has 600,000 members, 3500 groups and runs some 1000 houses mainly in Europe.  It was banned by the Nazis in 1933, because of its Marxist leanings, but revived in 1945.  The Nazis themselves were very much into protecting the environment and leading a Back to Nature movement.

"Nature Boys" were the original Hippies which were the direct ancestors of today’s hippies.  Young Germans leaving Germany and migrating to California were long-haired, bearded Nature lovers by the 1920’s.  They eschewed drugs.  The Lebensreform (life-reform) message included many of these: 1.Vegetarianism, 2.Nudism, 3.natural medicine, 4.abstinence from alcohol, 5.clothing reform, 6.settlement movements, 7.garden towns, 8.soil reform, 9.sexual reform, 10.health food and economic reform, 11.social reform, 12.liberation for women, children and animals, 13.communitarianism, 14.cultural and religious reform: i.e. a religion or view of the world that gives weight to the feminine, maternal and natural traits of existence.

 Bill Pester at this palm log cabin in Palm Canyon, California, 1917. With his "lebensreform" philosophy, nudism and raw foods diet, he was one of the many German immigrants, who "invented" the hippie lifestyle more than half a century before the 1960s.  He left Germany to avoid military service in 1906 at age 19, for a new life in America.

 Professor Arnold Ehret, circa 1905.  In 1914 German Ehret arrived in California.  The philosophy he preached had a powerful influence on various aspects of American culture.  Ehret advocated fasting, raw foods, nude sun bathing and letting your hair and beard grow un-trimmed.  His "Rational Fasting" (1914) and "Mucus-less Diet"(1922) were literary standbys within hippie circles in San Francisco and Los Angeles in the 1960’s.

The husband and wife team of John and Vera Richter first opened their Raw-Foods cafeteria the "Eutropheon" in 1917.  Some of the young employees of the Eutropheon were Americans who had adopted the German Naturmensch and Lebensreform image and philosophy, wearing their hair and beards long and feeding exclusively on raw fruits and vegetables.  The "Nature Boys" came from all over America but usually ended up in southern California. 

 Seven of California's "Nature Boys" in Topanga Canyon, August 1948. They were the first generation of americans to adopt the "naturmensch" philosophy and image, living in the mountains and sleeping in caves and trees, sometimes as many as 15 of them at a time.  All had visited and some were employed at "The Eutropheon" where John Richter gave his inspiring lectures about raw foods and natural living.  The boys would sometimes travel up the California coast some 500 miles just to pick and eat some fresh figs.

  Fidus was the pseudonym used by German illustrator, painter and publisher Hugo Reinhold Karl Johann Höppener (10/8, 1868 – 2/23, 1948).  He was a symbolist artist, whose work directly influenced the psychedelic style of graphic design of the late 1960s.  Around 1886 he met the "apostle of nature" and artist Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach (1851–1913), and joined Diefenbach's commune near Munich.  On Diefenbach's behalf, he served a brief prison sentence for public nudity, earning him the name Fidus ("faithful").  In 1892 he moved to Berlin, set up another commune, and worked as an illustrator on the magazine Sphinx.  He also contributed to the early homosexual magazine Der Eigene.  He held mystical Theosophical beliefs, and became interested in German mythology.  His early illustrations contained dream-like abstractions, while his later work was characterized by motifs such as peasants, warriors, and other naked human figures in natural settings.  He often combined mysticism, eroticism, and symbolism, in Art Nouveau and Sezessionist styles.  By 1900 he was one of the best known painters in Germany.  In 1912 he designed a famous poster for a congress on "biological hygiene" in Hamburg, showing a man in the process of breaking his bonds and rising up to the stars.  After 1918, interest in Fidus’ work as an illustrator ebbed.  Despite his enthusiasm for the ideology of the Nazi Party, of which he became a member in 1932, he did not receive the support of the Nazi regime.  In 1937 his work was seized and the sale of his images was forbidden.  By the time he died in 1948 his art had been almost forgotten.  It was rediscovered in the 1960s, and directly influenced the psychedelic concert posters which began to be produced at that time, initially in and around San Francisco.

("Prayer To The Sun") by Fidus, 1913  Diefenbach and Fidus, 1887

 "Gnadennacht" by Fidus, 1912

 Maximilian Carl Emil (Max) Weber (4/21, 1864 – 6/14, 1920) was a German sociologist and political economist, who profoundly influenced social theory, social research, and the discipline of sociology itself.   Weber's major works dealt with the rationalization and "disenchantment" he associated with the rise of capitalism and modernity.  He is typically cited, with Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science.  Weber is most famous for the thesis in economic sociology which he elaborated in his book “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”.   In this text, Weber argued that ascetic Protestantism particular to the Occident was one of the major "elective affinities" associated with the rise of capitalism, bureaucracy and the rational-legal nation-state.   Arguing against what he felt was Marx's overly-materialistic interpretation of the development of capitalism, he instead emphasized the cultural influences embedded in religion.  The Protestant Ethic formed the earliest work in Weber's broader project in the sociology of religion: he would go on to examine the religions of China, the religions of India, and ancient Judaism, with particular regard to the apparent non-development of capitalism in the corresponding societies, and to differing forms of social stratification.  After the First World War, Weber was among the founders of the liberal German Democratic Party.  He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in parliament and participated in the board that drafted the ill-fated, post-World War I Weimar Constitution, where he advocated a strong, popularly-elected presidency.

Max Weber and National Socialism -In 1890 Weber and his mother attended the founding of a political group known as the Evangelical-Social Congress.  The congress was organized by Adolf Stoecker, a pastor, who had said at a rally seven years earlier: "We offer battle to the Jews until final victory...”.  The original purpose of the Congress was to wean workers away from the Social Democratic Party with Christian charity and welfare.  The group expressed a collective guilt in regards to the condition of the working class and it also expressed a fear of revolution if something was not done.  In 1895 Weber persuaded the group that the appeal of nationalism would be more effective than Christian charity.  It was specifically Weber's Freiberg address that convinced Friedrich Naumann, one of the key leaders, to change the basic orientation of the organization.  Naumann read Weber's speech and applied it to the Evangelical-Social Congress.  He wrote: “Anyone who wants to conduct domestic policy must first secure the people, the fatherland, and its boundaries; he must provide for national power. Here is the weakest point of Social Democracy.   We need a socialism that is capable of governing, capable of carrying out a better all-round policy than previously. Such a socialism has not existed until now.  Such a socialism must be nationalistic.”  A member commented: "And from that hour on began the evolution of national socialism from Christian socialism".  In 1896 the group, decided against becoming a party but instead adopted a new name, The National Socialist Association.  Some writers have said that the name was the National Social Association.

Joseph Deckert (11/17, 1843 -3/23, 1901) was a Catholic priest.  As a follower of the Christian movement, he gained achievements in solving the social problems of the workers.  As the leader of the Christian Socialist Party, Dr. Karl Lueger, he was influenced by anti-Semitism.  Among other things, he published several publications about the alleged ritual murder of Simon of Trent, Anderl of Rinn Tyrolean and other children in the 15th Century.   Works – “Of the Jewish Talmud: interpretation and refutation of (new) process”(1895 Vienna); “Out with the Jews?”;  “The New Jewish High Court”;  “The Proposed new Jewish-Masonic World Federation”(1896).  “Only after the Jew is banished out of our hearts entirely and burnt to ashes, the fight against Jewdom and Jewish domination can be renewed successfully.  It was not a blind fanatacism that has made us antiSemites fight, but the clear conception of the necessity of this fight.  Not hatred against the Jews, but it is an emergency fight, and love to our own people which we cannot leave at the mercy of a tribe strange to us.  It is impossible that a Christian Aryan, in whose heart but one spark of Christian consciousness and Aryan pride and of love to one's own nation is glowing, can face these conditions any longer.  Relief must come, legal, constitutional relief, before it is too late.  For if nothing happens soon, we will march toward a terrible revolution which is liable to swallow up the last remnants of our Western civilization.” -  in a sermon March 6, 1895.

1895 - Africa Inland Mission formed by Peter Cameron Scott.  It is a nondenominational Christian mission organization.

Hannibal Hamlin Garland (9/14, 1860 – 3/4, 1940) was a novelist, poet, essayist, and short story writer.  He is best known for his fiction involving hard-working Midwestern farmers.  “Rose of Dutcher's Coolly” (1895) shows a rather innocuous Jewish salesman who is described as "not too much of a Jew," meaning apparently that in Garland's opinion he was not such a bad fellow.

In 1895, the upper classes of Great Britain, France and the US (incidentally mixed with much Jewish Blood), formed a War Party against Germany which is still at work to-day. 

1895 The British weekly, The Saturday Review, in a series of articles calls for the annihilation of Germany.

 Sir Eyre ABW (Alexander Barby Wichart) Crowe GCB GCMG (7/30, 1864 – 4/28, 1925) was a British diplomat. Eyre Crowe was born in Leipzig and educated in Germany and in France. His father Joseph Archer Crowe (1825 - 1896) had been a British consul-general and ended his career as commercial attache for all of Europe (1882–1896).  His grandfather Eyre Evans Crowe was a journalist, writer and historian, and his uncle, Eyre Crowe, was an artist.  Crowe entered the Foreign Office in 1885 and until 1895 was resident clerk.  His success led to his appointed as senior clerk in the Western Department in 1906 and in January 1907 he produced an unsolicited Memorandum on the Present State of British Relations with France and Germany for the Foreign Office.  The memorandum stated Crowe's belief that Germany desired "hegemony" first "in Europe, and eventually in the world", therefore threatening British hegemony.  Crowe stated that Germany presented a threat to the balance of power in Europe similar to the threat posed by Philip II of Spain, Bourbon and Napoleonic France.  Sir Edward Grey, the Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom, said he found Crowe's memorandum "most valuable".  Grey circulated the paper to the Prime Minister Campbell-Bannerman, Asquith, Ripon and Morley but there is no evidence either way that any of them either read or were influenced by the argument.  The historian Richard Hamilton states: "Though a life-long Liberal, Crowe came to despise the Liberal Cabinets of 1906–1914, including Sir Edward Grey, for what he perceived as their irresolute attitude to Germany".  However, detractors of Crowe, for example the historian John Charmley, argue that he was being unduly pessimistic about Germany and by making warnings like these was encouraging war.

During the First World War, Crowe served in the Contraband Department and at the start of the 1919 Paris Peace Conference he was Assistant Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; by June 1919 he was head of the political section of the British Delegation there. Whilst Crowe had been an implacable opponent of appeasement towards Germany, he also doubted the French government's motives and sincerity at the Paris Peace Conference, regarding the French as more interested in revenge than a lasting peace.  He also regarded the League of Nations Mandates over Danzig, with Polish ownership of a German-populated city, as a 'house of cards that would not stand'.  Crowe was skeptical of the usefulness of the League of Nations.  Zara Steiner and Keith Nelson have described Crowe as "the leading German expert in the pre-war Foreign Office...He was a master of detail but also interested in the broader complex of international and military relations...Crowe was the arch anti-appeaser.  With ruthless logic and in a forthright manner, he opposed every effort to come to terms with Berlin...A prodigious worker, Crowe's knowledge and skill earned him a very special place in the Foreign Office hierarchy and his comments were read with attention if not always with approval".

 Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon KG, PC, FZL, DL (4/25, 1862 – 9/7, 1933), better known as Sir Edward Grey, Bt, was a British Liberal statesman. He served as Foreign Secretary from 1905 to 1916, the longest continuous tenure of any person in that office.  He is probably best remembered for his remark at the outbreak of the First World War: "The lamps are going out all over Europe.  We shall not see them lit again in our time".  Ennobled as Viscount Grey of Fallodon in 1916, he was Ambassador to the United States between 1919 and 1920 and Leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords between 1923 and 1924.  He also gained distinction as an ornithologist.  Grey would later date his first suspicions of future Anglo-German disagreements to his early days in office after Germany sought commercial concessions from Britain in the Ottoman Empire in return for support for the British position in Egypt.  “not that ... the German position was at all "unreasonable", rather that the "method... was not that of a friend."  He argued in his memoirs, "the whole policy of the years from 1886 to 1904 [might] be criticized as having played into the hands of Germany".  As early as 12/13, 1905 Grey had assured the Russian Ambassador Count Alexander Benckendorff that he supported the idea of an agreement with Russia.  Negotiations began soon after the arrival of Sir Arthur Nicolson the new British Ambassador in June 1906.  In contrast with the previous Conservative government that had seen Russia as a potential threat to the empire, Grey's intention was to re-establish Russia "as a factor in European politics" on the side of France and Great Britain in order to maintain a balance of power in Europe.

 William Hope "Coin" Harvey (8/16, 1851 – 2/11, 1936) was an American teacher, businessman, author, and politician best remembered for his views and his book on bimetallism and the health resort he built in Northwest Arkansas, Monte Ne. His enthusiasm for silver money was later incorporated into both the Democratic and the American Populist Party in the early 1890s.  He was the campaign manger of William Jennings Bryan:  In Chicago, on May 15, 1895 during a debate on sliver as money, Harvey stated: “The bank of the Rothschilds in England is now behind the United States treasury. They are our financial agents. We are paying them the princely salary of $8,000,000 for each six months of their valuable services. How long is our reserve stock of gold to last? How are we to replenish it? There is only one way. That is to borrow it from those who have it, and that means England. And that is what we are doing. Where will it end? It means a dismal swamp and hell's half acre beyond. That is what having a gold standard means.

1896         1896         1896         1896

The Saturday Review of 2/1, 1896: “Of European nations, Germany is most alike to England. In racial characters, in religious and scientific thought, in sentiments and aptitudes, the Germans, by their resemblances to the English, are marked out as our natural rivals. In all parts of the earth, in every pursuit, in commerce, in manufacturing, in exploiting other races, the English and the Germans jostle each other.  Germany is a growing nation; expanding far beyond her territorial limit, she is bound to secure new foothold or to perish in the attempt. [...] Were every German to be wiped out to-morrow, there is no English trade, no English pursuit that would not immediately expand.  Were every Englishman to be wiped out tomorrow, the Germans would gain in proportion.  Here is the first great racial struggle of the future: here are two growing nations pressing against each other, man to man all over the world. One or the other has to go; one or the other will go. [...]  The biological view of foreign policy is plain.  First, federate our colonies and prevent geographical isolation turning the Anglo-Saxon race against itself.  Second, be ready to fight Germany, as Germania est delenda [Germany must be destroyed]; third, be ready to fight America when the time comes.  Lastly, engage in no wasting tears against peoples from whom we have nothing; to fear.”

 Anton Bruckner (9/4, 1824 – 10/11, 1896) was an Austrian composer known for his symphonies, masses, and motets.  The former are considered emblematic of the final stage of Austro-German Romanticism because of their rich harmonic language, complex polyphony, and considerable length.  Bruckner's compositions helped to define contemporary musical radicalism, owing to their dissonances, unprepared modulations, and roving harmonies.  In the eyes of the Nazi musicologists, Bruckner was the ultimate victim of the loathed Jewish bourgeoisie.  His lukewarm reception by the Viennese music critics was, accordingly, attributed to simple racial discrimination: a brilliant composer and biologically ‘pure’ member of the Germanic race had, yet again, been oppressed, attacked, or simply ignored by the Jewish conspiracy that held the city of Vienna in its grip.  He was represented as a master composer by the Nazis.  Bruckner was greatly admired by subsequent composers, including his friend Gustav Mahler, who described him as "half simpleton, half God".  Decades after his death, the Nazis strongly approved of Bruckner's music because it was considered by them to be an expression of the zeitgeist of the German volk, and Hitler even consecrated a bust of Bruckner in a widely photographed ceremony in 1937 at Regensburg's Walhalla temple.  Bruckner's music was among the most popular in Nazi Germany.  However, this did not hurt Bruckner's standing in the postwar media, and several movies and TV productions in Europe and the United States have used excerpts from his music ever since the 1950s, as they already did in the 1930s.  Nor did the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra ever ban Bruckner's music as they have Wagner's.

 Gustav Mahler (7/7, 1860 – 5/18, 1911) was a late-Romantic Austrian Jew composer and one of the leading conductors of his generation. Before Mahler's music was banned as "degenerate" during the Nazi era, the symphonies and songs were played in the concert halls of Germany and Austria.  In Austria, Mahler's work experienced a brief renaissance between 1934 and 1938, a period known today as 'Austrofascism'.  Mahler's music was performed during the Nazi era in Berlin in early 1941 and in Amsterdam during the German occupation of the Netherlands by Jewish orchestras and for Jewish audiences alone. 

"Germanization of Christianity" (1896) by Arthur Bonus 1/21, 1864 -4/6, 1941) was a Lutheran pastor, author and representative of a Germanized Christianity.

 1896   WWJD   Charles Monroe Sheldon (2/26, 1857– 2/24, 1946) was a minister who wrote the novel, “In His Steps”, introduced the principle of "What Would Jesus Do?”   First published in 1896, the book has sold more than 30,000,000 copies.  The main character is the Rev. Henry Maxwell, pastor of the First Church of Raymond, who challenges his congregation to not do anything for a whole year without first asking: “What Would Jesus Do?”  Other characters include Ed Norman, senior editor of the Raymond Daily Newspaper, Rachel Winslow, a talented singer, and Virginia Page, an heiress, to name a few.

  Johannes Brahms (5/7, 1833 – 4/3, 1897), was a German composer and pianist, and one of the leading musicians of the Romantic period.  In his lifetime, Brahms' popularity and influence were considerable.  When he learned that the Jewish composer Carl Goldmark had set a passage by Martin Luther to music, Brahms remarked:  "Wonderful text. Sorry that a Jew composed the music to it." (Cited by Goldmark in his autobiography and quoted in New York Times, March 22, 1970.)

 (1943) ****British Famines in India: British rule 1764-1914

British Imperial Policies: (Similar to current policies of IMF (International Monetary Fund) and GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs).  Traditionally, locals set aside grain for drought years and leaders would suspend taxes.  British used Famine as means of control.  Under British, there were no food reserves and personal storage was criminalized, taxes were collected for profit and more (doubled) taxes were collected for British infrastructure while local industries were decimated by Free Trade dumping of products on India.  There was unwanted forced opium production and because of artificial famine, families were forced to indentured themselves to the British and a class of money-lenders grew with usury to ‘help’ families.  Rents for land under the British were also raised.

The Bengal famine of 1770 was a catastrophic famine between 1769 and 1773 and is estimated to have caused the deaths of 15 million people (1/3) reducing the population to 30 million in Bengal, then ruled by the British East India Company.  As a result of the famine large areas were depopulated and returned to jungle for decades to come, as the survivors migrated in mass in a search for food.  Many cultivated lands were abandoned.  Fault for the famine is now often ascribed to the British East India Company's policies in Bengal.

The Great Famine of 1876–78 starvation killed estimations of 10.3 million (1901) and 8.2 million (1996)

The Indian famine of 1896–1897, -where starvation and disease killed 8.4-19 million.  Epidemics of many diseases, especially cholera and malaria, usually accompanied famines.

The Bengal famine of 1943, 3 million people died from starvation and malnutrition.

Friedrich Ratzel (August 30, 1844– August 9, 1904) was a German geographer and ethnographer, notable for first using the term Lebensraum ("living space") in the sense that the National Socialists later would.   His three volume work The History of Mankind was published in English in 1896 and contained over 1100 excellent engravings and remarkable chromolithography.

 Manifest Destiny was the 19th century belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent.  Advocates of Manifest Destiny believed that expansion was not only wise but that it was readily apparent (manifest) and inexorable (destiny).  The belief in an American mission to promote and defend democracy throughout the world, as expounded by Abraham Lincoln and Woodrow Wilson, continues to have an influence on American political ideology.

The Frontier Thesis, also referred to as the Turner Thesis, is the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that the origin of the distinctive egalitarian, democratic, aggressive, and innovative features of the American character has been the American frontier experience. He stressed the process—the moving frontier line—and the impact it had on pioneers going through the process.  In the thesis, the frontier created freedom, by "breaking the bonds of custom, offering new experiences, and calling out new institutions and activities."  After the civilizing of the Frontier, some directed these emphases into imperialism, while other directed the building of the economy and republicanism.

German geographer Friedrich Ratzel visited North America beginning in 1873 and saw the effects of American manifest destiny.  Ratzel sympathized with the results of "manifest destiny", but he never used the term.  Instead he relied on the Frontier Thesis of Frederick Jackson Turner.  Ratzel promoted overseas colonies for Germany in Asia and Africa, but not an expansion into Slavic lands.  Later German publicists misinterpreted Ratzel to argue for the right of the German race to expand within Europe, as Lebensraum.

William Morris (3/24, 1834 – 10/3, 1896) was an English textile designer, artist, writer, and utopian libertarian socialist associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the English Arts and Crafts Movement.  As an author, illustrator and medievalist, he helped to establish the modern fantasy genre, and was a direct influence on postwar authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien.  He was also a major contributor to reviving traditional textile arts and methods of production.  Morris wrote and published poetry, fiction, and translations of ancient and medieval texts.  He founded the Socialist League in 1884.  Morris's ideas were adopted by the New Education philosophy in the late 1880s, which incorporated handicraft work in schools and his influence has been noted in the formation of the Crafts Council in 1973.  Morris's thought also influenced the distributism of G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc.

John Lubbock’s 100 Greatest Books (4/30, 1834 – 5/28, 1913) was involved with entomology, botany, biology, archaeology, and ethnography. He helped establish archaeology as a scientific discipline.  In 1896, he put together a list of the 100 books for a classical education: •The Bible, •Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, •Epictetus, •Aristotle's Ethics,•Confucius,•Dickens' Pickwick & David Copperfield,•Lytton's Last Days of Pompeii,•George Eliot's Adam Bede,•Kingsley's Westward Ho!,•Scott's Novels,•Plato's Dialogues,•Xenophon,•Aristotle, •Demosthenes,•Cicero, •Berkeley,•Descarte, •Locke, •Cook's Voyages,•Humboldt's Travels,•Darwin's Origin of Species,•Kalidasa's Sakuntala,•Aeschylus,' •Sophocles, •Euripides, •Aristophanes,•Shakespeare,•Molière,•Schiller's William Tell,•Goethe's Faust, •Herodotus,•Xenophon,•Thucydides,•Tacitus' Germania,•Livy,•Gibbon's Decline and Fall,•Hume's History of England,•Grote's History of Greece,•Carlyle's French Revolution,•Green's Short History of England,•Lewes' History of Philosophy,•Homer,•Hesiod,•Virgil,•Maha Bharata and Ramayana,•Shahnameh,•Nibelungenlied,•Malory's Morte d'Arthur,•The Shih Ching,•Horace,•Chaucer's Canterbury Tales,•Milton (including Paradise Lost),•Dante's Divine Commedy,•Spenser's Fairie Queen,•St. Hilaire's The Buddha and His Religion,•Wake's Apostolic Fathers,•Kempis' Imitation of Christ,•Butler's Analogy of Religion,•Taylor's Holy Living and Dying,•Keble's Christian Year,Augustine's Confessions,Koran,•Dryden Poetry,•Scott's Poetry, •Wordsworth Poetry,•Pope's Essay,•Burns Poetry,•Byron's Poetry,•Gray Poetry, •Arabian Nights,•Swift's Gulliver's Travels,•Defoe's Robinson Crusoe,•Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield,•Cervantes' Don Quixote,•Boswell's Life of Johnson,•Voltaire,•Thackeray's Vanity Fair,•Sheridan's Plays, •Bacon's Essays,•Montaigne's Essays,•Hume's Essays,•Macaulay's Essays,•Addison's Essays,•Emerson's Essays,•Burke's Selected Works,•Smiles' Self-Help,•Spinoza,•Comte's Catechism of Positive Philosophy,•Pascal's Pensées,•Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress,•Bacon's Novum Organum,•Smith's Wealth of Nations,•Mill's Political Economy,•Mill's Logic.  (I probably missed some.) (1896 Lubbock’s 100 Books, 1909 The Harvard Classics, 1919 The Core Curriculum, 1952 The Great Books)

 Francis Amasa Walker (7/2, 1840 – 1/5, 1897) was an economist, statistician, journalist, educator, academic administrator, and military officer in the Union Army.  He published “The Growth of the United States” in 1882 and “Restriction on Immigration” in 1896 arguing for increasing restrictions out of concern about the diminished industrial and intellectual capacity of the most recent wave of immigrants.  Writing on immigrants from southern Italy, Hungary, Austria, and Russia in The Atlantic, Walker claimed, "The entrance into our political, social, and industrial life of such vast masses of peasantry, degraded below our utmost conceptions, is a matter which no intelligent patriot can look upon without the gravest apprehension and alarm.  These people have no history behind them which is of a nature to give encouragement.  They have none of the inherited instincts and tendencies which made it comparatively easy to deal with the immigration of the olden time.  They are beaten men from beaten races; representing the worst failures in the struggle for existence.  Centuries are against them, as centuries were on the side of those who formerly came to us.  They have none of the ideas and aptitudes which fit men to take up readily and easily the problem of self-care and self-government, such as belong to those who are descended from the tribes that met under the oak-trees of old Germany to make laws and choose chieftains."

 Ambroise-Paul-Toussaint-Jules Valéry (10/30, 1871 – 7/20, 1945) was a French poet, essayist, and philosopher.  His interests were sufficiently broad that he can be classified as a polymath. In addition to his poetry and fiction (drama and dialogues), his interests included aphorisms on art, history, letters, music, and current events. In 1896, Paul Valéry in a British commissioned work: “One learns that the military victories through which this [German] nation established itself are small when compared with the economic triumphs which it has already wrested; already their many markets in the world are more tightly held than the territories which it owes to its army [...] one grasps that Germany has turned to industry and trade as it once did to its military: with level-headedness and resolve.  One senses that it is omitting no means. If one wishes to explain this new [...] greatness, then one should call to mind: constant hard work, most precise investigation of the sources of wealth and unrelenting manufacturing of the means for producing it; exact topography of the favorable sites and most convenient connecting routes; and above all, perfect obedience, a subordination of all motives under a sort of simple, exclusive, powerful thought – which is strategic in form, economic in purpose, scientific in its profound design and its realm of authority. Thus does the totality of the German enterprises have its impact upon us.” 

 1896 election - "Sound Money" mag

1897         1897         1897         1897

  William McKinley, Jr. (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, and the last veteran of the American Civil War to be elected to the office.

In 1897, Jesuit Father Raffaele Ballerini warned the Catholic world that “the Jew remains always in every place immutably a Jew.  His nationality is not in the soil where he is born, nor in the language that he speaks, but in his seed.”

This 1897 "Science of Religion" American magazine, claims nearly six million Jews were killed in the Bar Kokhba revolt 132-136AD.  This must be anti-Semitic, since the Talmud says over FOUR BILLION Jews were killed in just the final battle of the Bar Kokhba revolt.

Julius Sterling Morton (April 22, 1832 – April 27, 1902) was a Nebraska editor who served as President Grover Cleveland's Secretary of Agriculture. He was a prominent Bourbon Democrat, taking the conservative position on political, economic and social issues, and opposing agrarianism.  AND Albert Galiton Watkins (5/5, 1818- 11/9, 1895) was a US Representative.  Their Illustrated History of Nebraska (1897) was a Populist-oriented work that depicted "the Shylocks of Europe" enslaving "the toilers of America."

 1897 Aug 29-31 First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland – This was the first inter-territorial gathering of Jews on a national and secular basis.  Since European peoples were experiencing national rather than religious unity, new Jewish identity proposes national rather than religious basis.  Theodor Herzl (May 2, 1860 — July 3, 1904) even proposes Catholicism for Jews and Madagascar or Uganda for Homeland.  Rothschild has funded Zionist colonies in Palestine and focus goes there.  Judaism theologically is considered as racial Supremacy with Gentiles as Beasts.  Zionism continues this Supremacy to this day.  “The Jewish question exists wherever Jews are to be found in large numbers.  Wherever it does not exist it is brought in by immigrating Jews... Every nation in whose midst Jews live is, either covertly or openly, anti-Semitic... Anti-Semitism increases day by day and hour by hour among the nations; indeed, it is bound to increase because the causes of its growth continue to exist and cannot be removed... Its immediate cause is our excessive production of mediocre intellects, who cannot find an outlet downwards or upwards -that is to say, no wholesome outlet in either direction.  When we sink, we become a revolutionary proletariat, the subordinate officers of all revolutionary parties; at the same time, when we rise, there rises also our terrible power of the purse.” (The Jewish State) (-the two sides of the Jewish sword: finance and revolution.)  Herzl's 1896 play, The New Ghetto, was written in support of his idea that Jews will be obnoxious and wretched until they have their own homeland: it is perhaps more 'anti-Semitic' than anything ever produced in 'Nazi'Germany.  Theodor Herzl, who would state in his diaries, "It is essential that the sufferings of Jews….become worse….this will assist in realization of our plans….I have an excellent idea….I shall induce anti-Semites to liquidate Jewish wealth….The anti-Semites will assist us thereby in that they will strengthen the persecution and oppression of Jews.  The anti-Semites shall be our best friends." (in pressing Jews to emigrate to Palestine and other central  locations for Jewish hegemony.)

1902 Baron Nathaniel "Natty" Rothschild meets Theodor Herzl to discuss a possible Jewish homeland to be setup in Palestine.  1902 The Zionist Congress rejects a British offer of land for a Jewish settlement in Uganda, East Africa.  1903 Theodor Herzl endorses British Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain's plan to establish a Jewish homeland in East Africa.  After two years of squabbling, the Zionist Congress again rejects the so-called Uganda Plan in 1905.

The term Final Solution used by Zionist Herzl as their own homeland - "The Final Solution of the Jewish Question" is a direct quote from the 1897 Zionist manifesto

 The World Zionist Organization was founded in 1897 at the First Zionist Congress.  Presidents of World Zionist Organization:  Theodor Herzl: (1897–1904) ;  David Wolffsohn: (1905–1911) ;  Otto Warburg: (1911–1921) ;  Chaim Weizmann (1st time): (1921–1931) ;  Nahum Sokolow: (1931–1935) ;  Chaim Weizmann (2nd time : (1935–1946) ;  David Ben-Gurion (acting): (1946–1956) ;  Nahum Goldmann: (1956–1968) ;  Ehud Avriel: (1968–1972)

Maurice (Zvi) de Hirsch, or Baron Moritz von Hirsch auf Gereuth, (9 December 1831 – 21 April 1896), was a German-Jewish businessman and philanthropist who lived in France, in England and in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire.  The baron's grandfather, the first Jewish landowner in Bavaria, was ennobled with the appellation "auf Gereuth" in 1818; his father, who was banker to the Bavarian king, was created a baron in 1869. The family for generations has occupied a prominent position in the German Jewish community.  In 1855 he became associated with the banking house of Bischoffsheim & Goldschmidt, of Brussels, London and Paris. He amassed a large fortune, which he increased by purchasing and working railway concessions in Austria, Turkey and the Balkans, and by speculations in sugar and copper.  Thereupon Baron de Hirsch resolved to devote the money to an emigration and colonization scheme which should afford the persecuted Jews opportunities of establishing themselves in agricultural colonies outside Russia.  The association, which was prohibited from working for profit, possessed large agricultural colonies in Argentina, Canada and Palestine.

Asher Zvi Hirsch Ginsberg (8/18, 1856 – 1/2, 1927), and pen name, Ahad Ha'am, was a Hebrew essayist, and one of the foremost pre-state Zionist thinkers. He is known as the founder of Cultural Zionism.  With his secular vision of a Jewish "spiritual center" in Palestine he confronted Theodor Herzl.  Unlike Herzl, the founder of political Zionism, Ha'am strived for "a Jewish state and not merely a state of Jews."  It was to the Sons of Moses that Ginsberg delivered his “protocols” for the annihilation of Christian culture and the ascendancy of Jewish nationalism.

Leon Pinsker (1821-1891) was a physician, a Zionist pioneer and activist, and the founder and leader of the Hovevei Zion (Lovers of Zion) movement.  As a professional physician, Pinsker preferred the medical term "Judeophobia" to the recently introduced misnomer "antisemitism". "... to the living the Jew is a corpse, to the native a foreigner, to the homesteader a vagrant, to the proprietary a beggar, to the poor an exploiter and a millionaire, to the patriot a man without a country, for all a hated rival." (Perhaps Gentiles know of Jewish racism.)  His analysis of the roots of this ancient hatred led him to call for the establishment of a Jewish National Homeland, either in Palestine or elsewhere.  Eventually Pinsker came to agree with Moses Lilienblum that hatred of Jews was rooted in the fact that they were foreigners everywhere except their original homeland, the Land of Israel. He became one of the founders and a chairman of the Hovevei Zion movement, with the backing of Baron Edmond James de Rothschild.

Max Simon Nordau (7/29, 1849 – 1/23, 1923), born Simon Maximilian Südfeld in Pest, Hungary, was a Zionist leader, physician, author, and social critic.  He was a co-founder of the World Zionist Organization together with Theodor Herzl, and president or vice president of several Zionist congresses.  As a social critic, he wrote a number of controversial books, including “The Conventional Lies of Our Civilisation” (1883), Degeneration (1892), and Paradoxes (1896).  Although not his most popular or successful work whilst alive, the book most often remembered and cited today is Degeneration. Degeneration (Entartung, 1892), was Max Nordau's major work.  It is a moralistic attack on so-called degenerate art, as well as a polemic against the effects of a range of the rising social phenomena of the period, such as rapid urbanization and its perceived effects on the human body.  At the Sixth Zionist Congress in 1903, Nordau announced the Zionist plan as a fait accompli for the next two decades:  “The rungs of our ladder lead upward and upward: The First Zionist Congress - The English Proposition For A Jewish Homeland - The Future World War - The Peace Conference By Which A Jewish Palestine Will Be Created “

 The Zionist Organization of America (ZOA), founded in 1897, was one of the first official Zionist organizations in the United States, and, especially early in the 20th century, the primary representative of Jewish Americans to the World Zionist Organization, espousing primarily Political Zionism.  Today, the ZOA continues to exist as a prominent pro-Israel group in the United States, with 30,000 current members.

 Abraham "Bram" Stoker (11/8, 1847 – 4/20, 1912) was an Irish novelist and short story writer, best known today for his 1897 Gothic novel Dracula.  Because of Blood Libel and further rumors that Jews could re-animate themselves and other Jews after bodily death, their corpses were often decapitated or a stake was driven through the charred heart (Stephens).  These rumors obviously provided the basis for the Jew-as-vampire image.  It was this paradigm that the Western world inherited when London experienced an inpouring of Eastern European Jews in the 19th century.  Other cultural changes brought about an idea of cultural purity and infection (Spencer).  This is where the vampire tale comes in, with its horrifying notions of demonic infection and the downfall of civilization as it was known.  The parallels between the character of Dracula and the 19th century stereotype of the Jew are striking.  Physically, he is made to resemble an Eastern European Jew: Dracula is a dark-featured, pale-skinned man with a prominent “hook nose.”  He comes from the East and speaks with a strange accent.  Dracula is selfish, materialistic, evil, and his “child’s brain” is emphasized throughout the novel.  Dracula as a vampire has no true nationality to claim.  He has pride in tracing his ancestry back to the Turks and the great warrior Attila the Hun, but he has no present ties to any geographically fixed ethnic group.

 1897  Forty-four years before the Imperial Japanese attack on the United States, an Hawaiian leader referred to the loss of Pearl Harbor as “a day of infamy in Hawaiian history.”  Lilioukalani, (9/2, 1838 – 11/11, 1917) who would become Hawaii's Queen in 1891, used that phrase to describe the surrender of Pearl Harbor by her brother, who was the last of the puppet monarchs installed by the US government. The independence-minded Queen Lilioukalani reigned only two years before being deposed in a coup. Her overthrow was arranged by a tiny, Washington-backed clique who were supported by a small but formidable contingent of U.S. Marines.

1897 9/3 The French periodical Le Temps quotes Jew Dr. Mandelstein, of the University of Kiev, at the Zionist International Congress: "The Jews will use all their influence and power to prevent the rise and prosperity of all other nations and are resolved to adhere to their historic destiny i.e. to the conquest of world power."

1897 9/12 Catholic Professor Nivard Schloegl, a theologian and Orientalist disdained the Jews as an arrogant and exclusive religious group.

****   The Taxil hoax (?) was an 1890s hoax of exposure by Léo Taxil intended to mock not only Freemasonry, but also the Roman Catholic Church's opposition to it.  Léo Taxil was the pen name of Marie Joseph Gabriel Antoine Jogand-Pagès, who had been accused earlier of libel regarding a book he wrote called “The Secret Loves of Pope Pius IX”.  On April 20, 1884 Pope Leo XIII published an encyclical, Humanum Genus, that said that the human race was "separated into two diverse and opposite parts, of which the one steadfastly contends for truth and virtue, the other of those things which are contrary to virtue and to truth.  The one is the kingdom of God on earth, namely, the true Church of Jesus Christ... The other is the kingdom of Satan...At this period, however, the partisans of evil seems to be combining together, and to be struggling with united vehemence, led on or assisted by that strongly organized and widespread association called the Freemasons."

After this encyclical, Taxil underwent a public, feigned conversion to Roman Catholicism, and announced his intention of repairing the damage he had done to the true faith.  The first book produced by Taxil after his conversion was a four-volume history of Freemasonry, which contained fictitious eyewitness verifications of their participation in Satanism.  With a collaborator who published as "Dr. Karl Hacks," Taxil wrote another book called the “Devil in the Nineteenth Centur”, which introduced a new character, Diana Vaughan, a supposed descendant of the Rosicrucian alchemist Thomas Vaughan.  The book contained many implausible tales about her encounters with incarnate demons, one of whom was supposed to have written prophecies on her back with its tail, and another who played the piano in the shape of a crocodile.

Diana was supposedly involved in Satanic freemasonry, but was redeemed when one day she professed admiration for Joan of Arc, at whose name the demons were put to flight.  As Diana Vaughan, Taxil published a book called Eucharistic Novena, a collection of prayers which were praised by the Pope.

On April 19, 1897 Taxil called a press conference at which he claimed he would introduce Diana Vaughan to the press.  He instead announced that his revelations about the Freemasons were fictitious.  He thanked the clergy for their assistance in giving publicity to his wild claims.  The hoax material is still used to this day.  Chick Publications publishes such a tract called The Curse of Baphomet and Randy Noblitt's book on satanic ritual abuse, Cult and Ritual Abuse also cites the Taxil hoax.  The quote most frequently associated with the Taxil Hoax reads: "That which we must say to the world is that we worship a god, but it is the god that one adores without superstition.  To you, Sovereign Grand Inspectors General, we say this, that you may repeat it to the brethren of the 32nd, 31st and 30th degrees: The masonic Religion should be, by all of us initiates of the higher degrees, maintained in the Purity of the Luciferian doctrine.  If Lucifer were not God, would Adonay and his priests calumniate him?

 Yes, Lucifer is God, and unfortunately Adonay is also god. For the eternal law is that there is no light without shade, no beauty without ugliness, no white without black, for the absolute can only exist as two gods; darkness being necessary for light to serve as its foil as the pedestal is necessary to the statue, and the brake to the locomotive....

    Thus, the doctrine of Satanism is a heresy, and the true and pure philosophical religion is the belief in Lucifer, the equal of Adonay; but Lucifer, God of Light and God of Good, is struggling for humanity against Adonay, the God of Darkness and Evil."

While this quote was published by Abel Clarin de la Rive in his Woman and Child in Universal Freemasonry, and does not appear in Taxil's writings proper, it is sourced in a footnote to Diana Vaughan, Taxil's creation.

(This author has read similar wording in Albert Pike’s “Moral and Dogma”.  Perhaps Freemasons are editing this Wikipedia page?)

1898         1898         1898         1898

 ****Advertising - The ‘Civil War’ was also a win of the Industrial North against the Agrarian South.  The first few years after the war, the North had lost its natural market in the South through Impoverishment of the People.  Hence, advertising and marketing begin to exploit emotions and perceived needs.  The first true indoor shopping mall began as a multi-story collection of stores with a huge ornate cathedral open space in the middle.  The commercialization of Christmas began and an American Santa Claus developed.   First, business concerns promoted the sale of their own goods or services.  In 1898, Jew Albert D. Lasker, often called the father of modern advertising, realized that an independent agency with first-rate creative copywriters and imaginative artists could be of far greater help to the client.  Because of tribal cohesiveness, Jews dominate modern advertising.  In few modern industries have Jews had greater influence than in advertising, and this applies particularly in America.  Along with their own cohesion, the need to change society in their image is manifest.  Multiculturalism in advertising is the most blatant, as whites who are still the dominate race in America are shown in less than their percentages and often ridiculed.

In 1898, the Catholic daily La Croix du nord described Jews as a “race, a foreign race camped among us, a race that has neither our blood nor our ideals, a race that is cosmopolitan by its nature, a race without a country, an intransigent, usurious race lacking moral sense, a race capable of selling and buying anything.”

 ****Zionism is the international nationalist political movement that originally supported the reestablishment of a homeland for the Jewish people, and later decided to establish this country in the Ottoman territory of Palestine, the historical homeland of the Jews and Palestinians.  Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the Zionist movement continues primarily to support it.  Zionism is based on perceived historical ties and religious traditions linking the Jewish people to the Land of Israel.  Almost two millennia after the Jewish diaspora, the modern Zionist movement, beginning in the late 19th century, was mainly founded by secular Jews, largely as a response by Ashkenazi Jews to antisemitism and the Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire.

A) Labor Zionism -They argued that a revolution of the Jewish soul and society was necessary and achievable in part by Jews moving to Israel and becoming farmers, workers, and soldiers in a country of their own.  Most socialist Zionists rejected the observance of traditional religious Judaism as perpetuating a "Diaspora mentality" among the Jewish people, and established rural communes in Israel called "kibbutzim".  Though socialist Zionism draws its inspiration and is philosophically founded on the fundamental values and spirituality of Judaism, its progressive expression of that Judaism has often fostered an antagonistic relationship with Orthodox Judaism.

B) Liberal Zionism -General Zionism (or Liberal Zionism) was initially the dominant trend.  General Zionists identified with the liberal European middle class. Liberal Zionism, although not associated with any single party in modern Israel, remains a strong trend in Israeli politics advocating free market principles, democracy and adherence to human rights.

C) Nationalist Zionism (Revisionist Zionism) -Nationalist Zionism originated from the Revisionist Zionists led by Jabotinsky.  The Revisionists left the World Zionist Organization in 1935 because it refused to state that the creation of a Jewish state was an objective of Zionism.  The revisionists advocated the formation of a Jewish Army in Palestine to force the Arab population to accept mass Jewish migration. Revisionist Zionism evolved into the Likud Party in Israel, which has dominated most governments since 1977.  It advocates Israel maintaining control of the West-Bank and East Jerusalem and takes a hard-line approach in the Israeli-Arab conflict.

D)  Religious Zionism -In the 1920s and 1930s Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (the first Chief Rabbi of Palestine) and his son Rabbi Zevi Judah Kook saw great religious and traditional value in many of Zionism's ideals, while rejecting its anti-religious undertones.  They taught that Orthodox (Torah) Judaism embraces and mandates Zionism's positive ideals, such as the ingathering of exiles, and political activity to create and maintain a Jewish political entity in the Land of Israel.  In this way, Zionism serves as a bridge between Orthodox and secular Jews.  While other Zionist groups have tended to moderate their nationalism over time, the gains from the Six-Day War have led religious Zionism to play a significant role in Israeli political life.  Now associated with the National Religious Party and Gush Emunim, religious Zionists have been at the forefront of Jewish settlement in the West Bank and efforts to assert Jewish control over the Old City of Jerusalem.

E) Zionism and Haredi (ultra-Orthodox) Judaism -Haredi Orthodox organizations do not belong to the Zionist movement; they view Zionism as secular, reject nationalism as a doctrine and consider Judaism to be first and foremost a religion.  Some Haredi rabbis do not consider Israel to be a halachic Jewish state because it is secular.  However, they generally consider themselves responsible for ensuring that Jews maintain religious ideals and since most Israeli citizens are Jews they pursue this agenda within Israel.  Others reject any possibility of a Jewish state, since according to them a Jewish state is completely forbidden by Jewish law, and a Jewish state is considered an oxymoron.  1) The Sephardi-Orthodox party Shas rejects association with the Zionist movement.  However, its voters generally regard themselves as Zionist and Knesset members frequently pursue what others might consider a Zionist agenda.  Shas has supported territorial compromise with the Arabs and Palestinians but generally opposes compromise over Jewish holy sites.  2) The Ashkenazi Agudat Israel/UTJ party has always avoided association with the Zionist movement and towards ensuring that Israel and Israeli law are in tune with the halacha, on issues such as Shabbat rest.  3) Many other Hasidic groups, most famously the Satmar Hasidim as well as the larger movement they are part of in Jerusalem, the Edah HaChareidis, are strongly anti-Zionist.  4) The Neturei Karta movement is a smaller, strongly anti-Zionist Haredi group.  5) The Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement has traditionally not identified itself as Zionist, although in recent years it has adopted an ultra-nationalist agenda and opposed any territorial compromise.

All of the Zionist racial scientists, including Elias Auerbach, Aron Sandler, Felix Theilhaber, and Ignaz Zollschan, were motivated in their Zionism by a perceived need to end Jewish intermarriage and preserve Jewish racial purity.

“The Jews energetically reject the idea of fusion with the other nationalities and cling firmly to their historical hope of world empire…” (Max Mandelstam, World Zionist Congress, July 1898.)

 ****Jewish anti-Zionism- Generally, Zionism does have the support of the majority of the Jewish religious organizations, with support from segments of the Orthodox movement, and all of the Conservative, and more recently, the Reform movement. Prior to the Second World War many Jews regarded Zionism as a fanciful and unrealistic movement.  Many liberals during the European Enlightenment had argued that Jews should enjoy full equality only on the condition that they pledge their singular loyalty to their nation-state and entirely assimilate to the local national culture; they called for the "regeneration" of the Jewish people in exchange for rights.  Those liberal Jews who accepted integration and/or assimilation principles saw Zionism as a threat to efforts to facilitate Jewish citizenship and equality within the European nation-state context. Noam Chomsky has reported a change in the boundaries of what are considered Zionist and anti-Zionist views.  In 1947, in his youth, Chomsky's support for a socialist binational state, in conjunction with his opposition to any semblance of a theocratic system of governance in Israel, was at the time considered well within the mainstream of secular Zionism; today, it lands him solidly in the anti-Zionist camp.  Modern American groups such as J Street are taken as evidence of an "anomalous pattern of internal defection" created as a result of anti-Zionism. Some Jewish organizations oppose Zionism as an integral part of their anti-imperialism.  Many oppose it as a form of nationalism, which they argue to be a product of capitalist societies.

The Three Oaths is the popular name for a Midrash found in the Talmud, which relates that God adjured three oaths upon the world. Two of the oaths pertain to the Jewish people, and one of the oaths pertains to the other nations of the world.  The Jews for their part are sworn not to go up from Exile to the Land of Israel en masse and not to rebel against the other nations, and the other nations in their turn are sworn not to subjugate the Jews excessively.  Amongst Orthodox Jews today there are primarily two different ways of viewing this Midrash.  Many Haredim who are strongly anti-Zionist view this Midrash as absolutely binding, whereas Religious Zionists view it as a Divine decree that has expired. 

****(Self-Hating) Jews throughout history, especially after the influx of East European Jews in 1890’s who exposed an aspect of Judaism were called anti-Semitic by other Jews.  ("self-hatred" version of antisemitism): Theodore Herzl ("father" of Zionism), Jerome Weidman, Wittgenstein, Kurt Tucholsky, Philip Roth, Budd Schulberg, former chancellor of Austria Bruno Kreisky, and famed filmmaker Stanley Kubrick who is alleged to have said "Hitler was right about almost everything.”  Frank Collin (father: Cohen) planned a famous Nazi march in Skokie, Illinois, and Daniel Burros, King Kleagle of the New York Ku Klux Klan commited suicide after a newspaper exposed the fact that he was Jewish.  The perjorative word "kike" was even created by uptown New York Jews to describe the masses of Eastern European Jews coming to America in the late 1800s.

****JEWISH NATIONALISM

“The most remarkable and the most injurious consequence of the Great War has been the creation of new nationalisms and the exalting of those already existing. Nationalism is a danger for the Jewish people.  Today, as in all epochs of history, it is proved that the Jews cannot live in powerful states where a high national culture has developed.” -  The Jewish Sentinel - (Chicago) Sept 24, 1936.

“What stands in our way everywhere in the world is modern nationalism.  That is our chief enemy.  We are on the side of Liberalism against Nationalism. That is our only safety.” -   Dr. Solomon B. Freehof (Race, Nation or Religion) Solomon Bennett Freehof (August 8, 1892 – 1990) was a prominent Reform rabbi, posek, and scholar.  Rabbi Freehof served as president of the Central Conference of American Rabbis and the World Union for Progressive Judaism.  He is descended from the Alter Rebbe, the founder of Lubavitcher Hasidism.

“It is the Jew who lies when he swears allegiance to another faith; who becomes a danger to the world.” - Rabbi Stephan S Wise (NY Tribune, March 2, 1920)

“I believe national pride (patriotism) a lot of nonsense.” - Bernard Baruch (Chicago Tribune, Sept 25, 1935)

“There must be no assimilation. We are a peculiar people, and a peculiar people we must remain.” - Basil M. Henriques (London speech, “Zionist Record (South Africa), Jan 29, 1939)

“What I understand by assimilation is loss of identity.  It is the kind of assimilation I dread most, even more than pogroms.” - Dr. J.H. Hertz - Chief Rabbi of England, (The Book of Jewish Thoughts)

“Jew and gentile are two worlds, between you and gentiles and us Jews there lies an unbridgeable gulf...  There are two life forces in the world Jewish and gentile...  I do not believe that this primal difference between gentile and Jew is reconcilable...  The difference between us is abysmal... You might say: ‘Well, let us exist side by side and tolerate each other.  We will not attack your morality, nor you ours.’  But the misfortune is that the two are not merely different; they are opposed in mortal enmity.  No man can accept both, or, accepting either, do otherwise than despise the other. -  Maurice Samuel –“You Gentiles”

“Baptism and interbreeding are of no avail; we remain, even in the hundredth generation Jews, as we were 3,000 years ago.  We never lose the odor of our race - not even by tenfold crossing.  And in every case of cohabitation with every woman, our race dominates; young Jews result.” - Professor Eduard Gans (March 22, 1797 – May 5, 1839) was a German Jew jurist.

“You cannot be English Jews.  We are a race, and only as a race can we perpetuate.  Our mentality is of a Hebraic character, and differs from that of an Englishman. Enough subterfuges!  Let us assert openly that we are International Jews.” - Gerald Soman - World Fellowship, January 1, 1935.

“I am not an American citizen of Jewish faith.  I am a Jew.  I am an American.  I have been an American for sixty-three sixth-fourths of my life, but I have been a Jew for 4,000 years.  Hitler was right in one thing.  He calls the Jewish people a race, and we are a race.” - Rabbi Stephan S. Wise – (NY Herald Tribune, June 13, 1938)

“Let us recognize that we Jews are a distinct nationality of which every Jew, whatever his country, his station, or shade of belief, is necessarily a member.  To this end we must organize.  Organize, in the first place, so that the world may have proof of the extent and the intensity of our desire for liberty.  Organize, in the second place, so that our resources may become known and be made available...  Organize, organize, organize, until every Jew must stand up and be counted - counted with us, or prove himself, wittingly or unwittingly, of the few who are against their own people.” - Louis D. Brandeis - U.S. Supreme Court Justice

“Here we are, just Jews and nothing else, a nation among nations.” - Dr. Chaim Weizman

“We have a right to be what we are.  Today more than ever we want to affirm high and low we are a nation.” - S. Rokhomovsky, April 21, 1919.

“We are going to fight for the right of Jews within a country to build up their own personality, their own community - their right to preserve the continuity of Judaism.” - Dr. Maurice Perlzweig (1895-1985) - Jewish World Congress, in a speech in Sydney, Australia in 1946.

“Only the Jewish Code rules our life.  We form in ourselves a closed business and juridicial corporation.  A strong wall separates us from the peoples in the lands in which we live - and behind that wall is a Jewish State.” - Zionist Leader Klatzkin in Der Jude.  Jakob Klatzkin, Yakov/Jakub Klaczkin (10/3 (now Belarus), 1882 – 3/26 1948, Switzerland) was a Jewish philosopher, publicist, publisher.

“The historian would proclaim that, according to his experience, a people conquered, driven from its own land and subjected to protracted and severe oppression becomes merged with its conquerors. It is quite contrary in our case; we exist yet, a kind of ~ Imperium in Imperio.” - The American Hebrew - Nov 21, 1879

“Jewish Nationalism is a Jewish question which must be governed by Jewish principles and not made subservient to the convenience or exigencies for the time being of any government, however important.  As a people, we Jews have not been at war between ourselves, the Jews in England against Jews in Germany, or the Jews in France against the Jews in Austria : and to sectionize Jewry in obedience to international differences seems to us to give away the whole principle of Jewish Nationalism.” - The Jewish World - Jan 15, 1919.

“I do not consider the Jewish question either as a social or a religious problem.  It is a national question.  We are the only people.” - Theodor Herzl (Modern Jewish Prophet)

“A Jew cannot at the same time be a true American and an honest adherent of the Zionist movement.” - Jacob H. Schiff - said on Sept 8, 1907.

“The English (or French or American, etc.) patriotism of the Jew is only a fancy-dress which he puts on to please the people of the country.” - The Jewish World - Dec 8, 1911

“It is our opinion that the Jewish question can be solved by the Jews themselves.  We no longer want to wear the mask of any other nationality.” Theodor Herzl - in an address, “Zionism”.

“The Jewish question is no more a social than a religious one, notwithstanding that it sometimes takes these and other forms.  It is a national question.”  Theodor Herzl - The Jewish State, pages 75 - 76 (1946 edition).

“Let us take the mask off.   Let us play the Lion of Judah for a change.  Away, away with false patriotism.  A Jew can only recognize one fatherland -Palestine.”  M.J. Wodislawski – Jewish World, Jan 1, 1909.

“We are, whether born here or naturalized here, not really British at all.  We are National Jews -Jews by race and faith - and not Englishmen.”  Zionist - Chronicle (Manchester, England), Sept 26, 1915.

“The Jew remains a Jew even though he changes his religion; a Christian which would adopt the Jewish religion would not become a Jew, because the quality of a Jew is not in the religion but in the race.  A Free-thinker and Atheist always remain a Jew.”  Jewish World - December 14, 1922.

“The more thorough a revolution is, the more liberty and equality are gained - for the Jews.”  “Throughout its autonomous existence, the Jewish people has experienced many forms of government.  But neither the fatherly dictatorship of great Moses, nor the monarchy ruled by a religious constitution, nor the republic of the faithful under the presidency of High Priests, nor the despotism of the last kinglets leaning on Rome could suit that people of dreamers.  Jews always had a government, but they always endured it.  In fact, Jews could not maintain their State among the States of antiquity, and fatally had to become the revolutionary ferments of the world.”  “Paole-Zionism goes on with its task in Russia, in Palestine and elsewhere.  In this very hour it appears as the unique international proletarian party.  One of its fractions joins the Communist International, the other joins the Socialist International.” Elie Eberlin – “The Jews of Today”.

“The patriotism of the Jew is simply a cloak he assumes to please the Englishman.  Jews who pretend that they can at once be patriotic Englishmen and good Jews are simply living lies.” - B Felz - in a letter entitled “Can Jews Be Patriots?” Jewish Chronicle, December 8, 1911

------------------------------------------------------End of ****JEWISH NATIONALISM

 ****JEWS ARE ANTI-CHRISTIAN

“Today the Gentile Christians who claim of holy right have been led in the wrong path.  We, of the Jewish Faith have tried for centuries to teach the Gentiles a Christ never existed, and that the story of the Virgin and of Christ is, and always has been, a fictitious lie.  In the near future, when the Jewish people take over the rule of the United States, legally under God Jehovah, we will create a new education system, proving that Jehovah is the only one to follow and proving that Christ story a fake... Christianity will be abolished.” - MA. Levy - Secretary of the World League of Liberal Jews, in a speech in LA, CA, Aug, 1949, “Hidden Government”.

“Zionism can be considered as a touchstone... The Jew is not satisfied with de-Christianizing, he Judaises: he destroys the Catholic or Protestant Faith, he provokes indifference, but he imposes his idea of the world, of morals and of life upon those whose faith he ruins: he works at his age-old task, the annihilation of the religion of Christ.” - Rabbi Benamozegh - quoted in J. Creagh Scott's “Hidden Government” Elijah Benamozegh (1822-2/6 1900) was an Italian Orthodox rabbi and a noted Kabbalist.

“The anti-religious campaign of the Soviet must not be restricted to Russia. It must be carried on throughout the world.” - Stephanov - quoted in J. Creagh Scott's”Hidden Government”

“Why should we believe in God ? - We hate Christianity and Christians.  Even the best of them must be regarded as our worst enemies.  They preach love of one's neighbor, and pity, which is contrary to our principles.  Christian love is a hindrance to the revolution.  Down with love of one's neighbor; what we want is hatred.  We must know how to hate, for only at this price can we conquer the universe...  The fight should also be developed in the Moslem and Catholic countries, with the same ends in view and by the same means.” - Lunatcharski - quoted in Rev. Gerald B. Winrod's “The Jewish Assault on Christianity”.  Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky (11/23 1875 Ukraine – 12/26, 1933 France) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and the first Soviet People's Commissar of Enlightenment responsible for culture and education.

“We have finished with the earthly Tzars; now we shall deal with the heavenly Tzars.” - Bezbozhnik - (Moscow) January, 1923.  Bezbozhnik ("The Godless") was a monthly anti-religious and atheistic satirical magazine, published in the Soviet Union between 1922 and 1941 by the Society of the Godless.

“The Jew is necessarily anti-Christian, by definition, in being a Jew, just as he is anti-Moslem just as he is opposed to every principle which is not his own.”  “Now that the Jew has entered into society, ~he has become a source of disorder, and, like the mole, he is busily engaged in undermining the ancient foundations upon which rests the Christian state.  And this accounts for the decline of nations, and their intellectual and moral decadence: they are like a human body which suffers from the intrusion of some foreign element which it cannot assimilate and the presence of which brings on convulsions and lasting disease.  By his very presence the Jew acts as a solvent; he produces disorders, he destroys, he brings on the most fearful catastrophes.  The admission of the Jew into the body of the nations has proved fatal to them; they are doomed for having received him...  The entrance of the Jew into society marked the destruction of the State, meaning by State, the Christian State.” - Bernard Lazare – “Antisemitism, Its History and Causes”

“We, who have posed as the Savior of the world, we, who have even boasted of having given it their Savior, we are today nothing else but the world's seducers, its destroyers, its incendiaries, its executioners... We, who have promised to lead you to an new Heaven, have finally succeeded in landing you in a new Hell...  There has been no progress, least of all moral progress...  And it is just our Morality, which has prohibited all real progress, and - what is worse - which even stands in the way of every future and natural reconstruction in this ruined world of ours...  I look at this world and I shudder at its ghastliness I shudder all the more, as I know the spiritual authors of all this ghastliness.” - Dr. Oscar Levy - in the preface of George Pitt-Rivers' “The World Significance of the Russian Revolution”

“In everything we are destroyers - even in the instruments of destruction to which we turn for relief...  We Jews, we, the destroyers, will remain destroyers forever.  Nothing that you will do will meet our needs and demands.  We will forever destroy because we need a world of our own, a Godworld, which it is not in your nature to build...  Because your chief institution is the social structure itself, it is in this that we are most manifestly destroyers.” - Maurice Samuel – “You Gentiles”.

“In our hearts reigns but one sentiment.  We command our hearts to banish all other emotions and to let themselves be led by that unique sentiment: that of revenge.  Our people have now but one desire to destroy, ransack, boycott.” - Medina Ivrit newspaper (The Jewish State) (Prague), No. 33, September, 1935.

“They only simulated to separate from Judaism, just like fighters who adopt the armour and flag of the enemy only to strike more surely and annihilate with more strength.” Heinrich Graetz (10/31, 1817 – 9/7, 1891) was a Jewish historian.

“The Central Conference of American Rabbis stand against the reading of the Bible in the Public Schools and against any other subtle form of sectarian missionary effort.” The Jewish Communal Register - of New York City (1917-1918), page 1172.

“The public schools must be kept clear of Christmas carols and other Christmas influences.  We want all this Christmas propaganda stopped. The masses of the Jewish people of America have a right to demand from the educational system of the U.S. that it keep Christmas out of public schools.”  Jewish National Day - New York, December 14, 1935.

“The chasm dividing Jew and Christian is too deep to make a meeting of the two possible.” Rabbi A.I. Krim –“Liberal Judaism and Liberal Christianity”.

“The Jewish religion is hostile to Christianity in general and to the Catholic Church in particular.”  Ludwig Lewisohn - from his papers.  Ludwig Lewisohn (5/30, 1882, Berlin, Germany – 12/31, 1955) was an American-Jewish critic and novelist, perhaps known best for his novel The Island Within.  He wrote several autobiographies, translated German literature and wrote the preface to the first English language edition of Otto Rank's seminal work, Art and Artist.  He also authored several works on Judaica and Zionism.

“We are the stiffnecked people who never accepted Christianity, and we are the criminal people who crucified its founder.”  Marcus Eli Ravage – ‘ A Real Case against the Jews’ , in Century Magazine, J-F 1928, page 346.

 “Judaism, which was destroyed politically (as a result of the destruction of the Temple in 70 A.D.), went forth into the great world. It adapted its possessions to its wanderings.  I once compared it to an army going to war - a ‘movable State.’   Jews were compelled to smuggle their goods across from frontier to frontier; so they chose abstract wares, easy to smuggle; and this gave them ability, despite ghettos and restrictions, to enter everywhere; and so it is that the Hebrew people have penetrated everywhere.

“The argument is that Judaism, by penetrating among the Gentiles (in Christian guise or otherwise), has gradually undermined the remnants of paganism.  Such penetration has not been without deliberate Jewish conniving in the shape of assistance bestowed in a thousand ways, devices and disguises.  It has been effected in great measure by crypto-Jews, who have permeated Christianity, and spoken through the mouth of Christianity.   By these devices, through Jewish will and through the power of their Jewish blood; and owing to an instinct for ‘requital,’ they have gradually induced Christianity to shed what was left in it of pagan elements; and it is they who, in principle (even though they are called by great Gentile names), are the creators of the Renaissance, of Liberalism, of Democracy, of Socialism, and of Communism.

“All this achievement ... has come about chiefly through unknown anonymous Jews, Jews in secret, either crypto-Jews who mingled among the Gentiles and nurtured great thinkers from among them; or, through the influence of Jews, who, in the great crises of liberty and freedom, have stood behind the scenes; or through Jewish teachers and scholars from the time of the Middle Ages.  It was disciples of Jewish teachers who headed the Protestant movements.   These dogs, these haters of Israel, have a keen nose.  In truth, Jewish influence in Germany is powerful.  It is impossible to ignore it. Marx was a Jew.  His manner of thought was Jewish.  His keenness of intellect was Jewish; and one of his forebears was a most distinguished rabbi endowed with a powerful mind.”-Marcus Eli Ravage

Nesta Webster, In World Revolution, "Since the earliest times it is as the exploiter that the Jew has been known amongst his fellow men of all races and creeds.  Moreover, he has persistently shown himself ungrateful... The Jews have always formed a rebellious element in every state."

Nesta Webster, "The Jewish conception of the Jews as the Chosen People who must eventually rule the world forms indeed the basis of Rabbinical Judaism...  The Jewish religion now takes its stand on the Talmud rather than on the Bible."

A Homer, writes in Judaism and Bolshevism 1933, page 7 Originally appeared as several articles in the Catholic Herald in Oct/Nov 1933.  It was compiled from authoritative sources (both Jew and Gentile) to demonstrate the relation between Judaism and Bolshevism, and the alliance between International Finance and its protégées, Bolshevism and Zionism.

"History shows that the Jew has always been, by nature, a revolutionary and that, since the dispersion of his race in the second century, he has either initiated or assisted revolutionary movements in religion, politics and finance, which weakened the power of the States wherein he dwelt. On the other hand, a few far-seeing members of that race have always been at hand to reap financial and political advantage coincident with such upheavals."

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Nesta Webster, in her book “Germany and England” said "England is no longer controlled by Britons.  We are under the invisible Jewish dictatorship - a dictatorship that can be felt in every sphere of life."

-----------------------------

The Jews all over the world destroy patriotism and healthy state foundations. Count Nobutsune Okuma - Japanese Statesman.

“It is a favorite ruse of the Jews to represent the Christians as their only enemies; in reality the persecution of the Jews began long before the Christian era, nor has it since then been confined to countries where the Christian religion prevails.” Nesta Webster “World Revolution”

 “Jews did not create the popular song; they debased it.” Henry Ford.

“From the earliest record of the Jews' contact with other nations, no long period of years has ever passed without the charge arising that the Jews constitute a people within a people, a nation within a nation.” Henry Ford

“Racial lunacy has possessed the Jews for thousands of years.” Douglas Reed “Disgrace Abounding”

With the coming of the True Messiah, Our Jesus Christ, the Jews were given the choice either of proclaiming His Heavenly Kingdom to the world or of rejecting Him and then looking forward to another messiah, who would impose the anti-supernatural rule of their nation on all nations.  Mislead by their leaders and blinded by national pride, the Jews rejected Our Christ and elected to strive to impose the rule of their nation on the world. They have thus continued as a nation down the centuries.  That outlook has in fact become more accentuated with time.  -Hilary Cotter in “Cardinal Mindszenty, the Truth about His real Crime”.

“If there is an ingrate in history, it is the Jew. In this land which befriended him he has conspired, plotted, undermined, prostituted and corrupted and (hiding to this hour behind the braver screen of other folks), dares to contrive and scheme the death of every Christian principle which has protected him.”  Rev. William S. Mitchell ,Philadelphia. 

“The Jewish Peril menaces the whole world, in particular the Christian nations.” Civilta Cattolica - La Civiltà Cattolica (Italian for The Catholic Civilization) is an Italian biweekly magazine (or periodical) printed by the Jesuits and founded April 6, 1850 in Naples.  It has been praised and highly regarded by readers of Catholic magazines..

“Judaism in Germany has been the bitter assailant of Christianity, the corrosive enemy of public morals and political morals.” Dr. Soedergren of Uppsala

“The Jewish conception of the Jews as the Chosen people who must eventually rule the world forms indeed the basis of Rabbinical Judaism…  The Jewish religion now takes its stand on the Talmud rather than in the Bible. -Nesta Webster in “Secret Societies and Subversive Movements”.

“I do not believe that the Jew is likely to be a better member of this House because he is a strict adherent of the Talmud, of which I can show that the tendencies are of an immoral, anti-social and anti-national character... the Jews have directly and indirectly brought about agitations and revolutions.  They have caused ruin and misery to their fellow creatures by the most wicked and cunning devices.  The cause of the odium against them lies in the character of Judaism itself which affords its votaries no point of centralization based on morality.” Mr. Newdigate - in the House of Commons, March 22, 1858.

“Thousands of documented pages of proof could be presented as evidence that this woman (the Scarlet Woman of Revelation) is not Roman Papacy but the Jewish Talmudic system.” Rev. Kenneth Goff in “The Scarlett Woman of Revelation”.

Whenever an orthodox Jew mentions the name Jesus, he says “May his name be damned and memory erased.”

-------------------------------------------End of JEWS ARE ANTI-CHRISTIAN

****Modern Jewish Denominations:

Orthodox Judaism.  Orthodox Jews generally see themselves as practicing normative Judaism, rather than belonging to a particular movement. Within Orthodox Judaism there is a spectrum of communities and practices, including Modern Orthodox Judaism, Haredi Judaism, and a variety of movements that have their origins in Hasidic Judaism.

Conservative Judaism or Masorti Judaism.  Originated in Germany in the 19th century, but became institutionalized in the United States.  After the division between Reform and Orthodox Judaism, the Conservative movement tried to provide Jews seeking liberalization of Orthodox theology and practice with a more traditional and halakhically based alternative to Reform Judaism.  It has spread to Ashkenazi communities in Anglophone countries and Israel.

Reform Judaism or Progressive Judaism.  Originally formed in Germany as a reaction to traditional Judaism, stresses integration with society and a personal interpretation of the Torah.

Additionally, a number of smaller groups have emerged:

Neolog Judaism, a small movement found primarily in Hungarian-speaking countries, which is similar to the more traditional branch of American Conservative Judaism.

Reconstructionist Judaism.  A small, liberal Jewish movement, found primarily in the United States.  It began as a liberal movement within Conservative Judaism and formally separated in the 1980s.

Jewish Renewal.  Founded in the counter-cultural movements of the 1960s and 1970s, it tends to embrace the ecstatic worship style and mysticism of hasidism, while rejecting the halakhic rigor of Orthodox Judaism.  Jewish renewal congregations tend to be inclusive on the subject of who is a Jew. The Jewish Renewal movement lacks the formal institutional structure of the other liberal movements.

Jewish Science.  Formed in the early 20th century by Rabbi Alfred G. Moses and Rabbi Morris Lichtenstein.  Jewish Science was founded as a counterweight Jewish movement to Christian Science.  Jewish Science sees God as a force or energy penetrating the reality of the Universe and emphasis is placed upon the role of affirmative prayer in personal healing and spiritual growth.  The Society of Jewish Science in New York is the institutional arm of the movement regularly publishing The Interpreter, the movement's primary literary publication.

Humanistic Judaism.  A nontheistic movement that emphasizes Jewish culture and history as the sources of Jewish identity.  Founded by Rabbi Sherwin Wine, it is centered in North America but has spread to Europe, Latin America, and Israel.

****[This author knows an older man who is a nephew of one of Zionism’s major founders, has nothing against him, and actually enjoys him outside of Zionist issues.  On those points, he is a full member of the Tribe.  This entire paper is the full picture of the War between Christians and Jews, not of individual friendships.  Individuals are usually controlled by the secret designs of the Tribe’s leaders.]

F. Trocase, L'Autriche juive, 1898, A. Pierret, ed., Paris-"The Jewish Press of Vienna sold everything, put everything at a price, artistic fame as well as success in business.  No intellectual production, no work of art has been able to see the light of day and reach public notice, without passing by the crucible of the Jewish Press, without having to submit to its criticism or to pay for its approval.  If an artist should wish to obtain the approbation of the public, he must of necessity bow before the all powerful Jewish journals.  If a young actress, a musician, a singer of talent should wish to make her first appearance and to venture before a more of less numerous audience, she has in most cases not dared to do so, unless after paying tribute to the desires of the Jews.  Otherwise she would experience certain failure.  It was despotic tyranny re-established, this time for the profit of the Jews and brutally exercised by them in all its plentitude.  Such as it is revealed by its results, the Viennese Press dominated by Judaism, has been absolutely disastrous.  It is a work of death which it has accomplished. Around it and outside it all is void.  In all the classes of the population are the germs of hatred, the seeds, of discord and of jealously, dissolution and decomposition." (F. Trocase, L'Autriche juive, 1898, A. Pierret, ed., Paris; “No obstacle discourages them; they persevere throughout the world, throughout the centuries, the unity of their race.  The Talmud has given them a powerful organization which modern progress has been unable to change.  Deep, ineradicable hatred of everything that is not Jewish stimulates them in the war which they wage against Christian Society, which is too divided to be able to fight with the necessary energy.”-“Jewish Austria”

“There is no nepotism comparable to that of the Jews, no narrower solidarity.  The Jewish element pushes itself forward everywhere; everywhere it exploits the situation to its exclusive advantage, and, by reason of that slow penetration into all the ramifications of the social order, Austrian life is in every aspect infected by the Jewish spirit...

“Whatever the Jew does cannot modify his nature; just as the Negro cannot change the color of his skin, so the Jew cannot transform himself into thinking, acting and feeling as any other ordinary man...

“It has pleased the Jews, in their unceasing agitation, to sap the stem of the old society.  They have created the social question in all its forms and have presented it in its most terrible aspect.  Judaism is now working with such force and with such ardor, is trying with so much zeal to turn modern civilization in a new direction, that certain social centers unconsciously allow themselves to be penetrated by its spirit...

“Socialism, as it is outlined today on the horizon of human destinies, is, according to positive statements, nothing but a crafty combination of Rabbinical precepts and of aspirations by which believers in the Talmud are bound...

“The Jew understands nothing of love for his neighbor.  His Neighbor, so far as he is concerned, is exclusively his co-religionist.  In his eyes, everyone who is not a Jew is his enemy, and on this basis he faithfully obeys the precepts of his sacred books.  For that reason, having been emancipated for half a century, he has utilized the liberties which were given him only to turn on his liberators and to oppress them with brutal ferocity.  As for being tolerant towards them, he has not dreamt of it for a single moment...

“Either there are Aryans who must shut up their oppressors in a Ghetto, as in the Middle Ages, or else there are those who will be shut up there by the Jews.  Equality of position cannot exist between Jews and Christians; experience has proven that...

“As for the absolutely insatiate program, actually impracticable, of the Socialist Party and its Jewish mentors, it cannot be too energetically opposed.  Indeed, it would end in nothing but a veritable human shambles.  Herein lies one of those terrible projects which the conscience rejects with utter horror.

“The Jewish race, which has survived so many peoples which have disappeared from the earth's surface, is today composed, for the most part, of degenerates who basically are really sick men.  Their moral state is characterized by altogether peculiar tendencies, excluded from all other races, with thoughts invariably turning towards the same preoccupations.  The spirit of gain and the desire for domination chase every other idea from their mentality, together with every affection, which is, as we know, the characteristic sign of obsession.  The secondary troubles which engage them, like their obscene passion for young Christian girls, cruelty towards the poor, and the spirit of revenge, are episodic systems of this unhealthy state.  The efforts they have made with a view to getting within their grasp the entire world, of making themselves masters of Europe, rise in like manner from the same source, and complete the total manifestation of moral degeneracy...

“Here is what Herr Gross-Hoffinger states in significant words – “The millionaire Jews, those speculators on the Stock Exchange, seek out the purest, most innocent young girls.  Then, when the Jewish aristocracy has abused these unfortunates at its leisure, the Christian victims are simply abandoned to their misery and fall into the abyss of prostitution.  As for the poor Jews, those of the lower classes, they excel in fulfilling the role of procurers.  They know where to find young girls for the houses of ill-fame the world over”.

“Thus, the further one goes, the further one sinks into this Jewish cesspool whence arises a noisome odor, which has infected the whole of Austria. Of a certainty, in all the crimes which the sun brings to light, the Christians have too often taken their part but never yet has one had to reproach them in Austria for trading as exporters of Christian virgins.  This shameful specialty which dishonors our era belongs exclusively to the Jews.  Let us leave them the infamy of it.  For a long time details have been ignored. Young girls in large numbers were noticed suddenly to disappear, without anyone knowing what had become of them.  It was the action tried in 1892, at Lemberg, capital of Austrian Polonia, which finally enlightened us.

“Twenty-eight Jews were accused of abduction and traffic in young girls.  These wretched creatures, with a cunningly laid trap, had lured a large number of young Christian girls, the majority of whom were still going to school.  They had promised them the most brilliant conditions to persuade them to go abroad.  Immediately they had crossed the frontier they were treated as slaves and every attempt at escape was roughly frustrated. On arrival in Turkey they were sold to the houses of prostitution for an average price of 1,000 Marks each.  Now, who are the proprietors of such houses?  Only Jews; none others.  Those of the poor victims who attempted resistance were incarcerated in subterranean dungeons and rendered docile by force of ill-treatment.  When at last the police decided to intervene, sixty of these young girls were saved.  It was possible to tear them from the clutches of the barbarians.  But, alas they were entirely lost in body and in soul.

“The case lasted ten days. It brought to light monstrous details.  It was clearly established that hundreds of young girls had been carried away by this Lemberg gang to shame, despair, illness and death.

“By reason of gaps in the legislature, the accused were only condemned to nominal sentences.  The leader of the gang, Isaac Schafenstein, got off with a year's imprisonment.  All the others served only a few months and re-embarked upon their sinister trade, putting into it a little more cunning and mystery. What is most revolting about this sad affair is that at the opening of the case, the signatory to the bills of sale had the effrontery loudly to proclaim his innocence.  ‘You need not worry about me‘, he said to the judges, ‘for I sell coats, fruit, veal or women - it doesn't matter to me.  I'm a salesman, and no one has anything to complain about that.’  In speaking thus, we know that the accused was adhering strictly to Jewish morality, which allows, in human relationships, everything which is not forbidden in the Talmud in regard to animals.

“These are the facts which all Vienna knows. By the very nature of such proceedings, only a minimum part of these terrible crimes come to the public knowledge; it may be that the families of the young victims prefer to keep silence to avoid shame, or it may be that, forced by misery, they take their share of the price paid by the purchaser, a price which varies from 50 to 600 florins per head, or rather per body, or, finally, it may be that the poor girls, once arrived at their destination, have no longer the courage to inform their parents of the fate which is theirs.  It is certain, in every case, that many of them, for one cause or another, show no sign of life.

“The increase in this odious traffic indicates, without doubt, that thousands of rich Jews lend their concurrence to those who act in this manner.  In no Jewish newspaper does one ever find one word of criticism, one word of blame in regard to this grossly criminal traffic.  The guilty are not excluded from the Jewish community, are not even disowned.  It follows that, even if their conduct is not formally approved, it is, at least, regarded as allowable.  It should be necessary to apply radical remedies to such a state of affairs, but it appears that the great liberal principles proclaimed in 1848 oppose them.  Commercial liberty before everything...

“Lewd acts, which, it appears, the law cannot punish, and the abuses which, in a general way, the Jews commit towards women have contributed forcibly to the explosion of anger which originated Austrian anti-Semitism.  When one speaks of them in Vienna, looks assume an expression of indescribable hatred.  It must be recognized that therein lies an all too natural feeling which man cannot escape, and in which all races share, civilized or barbarian, white or black, provided that they possess feelings of honor and human dignity...

“Unhappy Austria ! Unhappy Empire !  In comparing her present situation with which she occupied in Europe thirty years ago, it is easy to see, at first glance, to what plight she has fallen and to measure all that she lost in prestige, power and cohesion.

“Stage by stage, the Jews, since 1848, have pursued their progressive march; they have concentrated in their hands the material resources of Austria and Hungary.  Finance, the Press, political influences, all belong to them.  The wholesale trade and the big industries constitute for them an uncontested realm, in the same way as a large part of the retail trade and minor industries.  Lands fall little by little into their hands. They have taken mortgages on the real estate which they have not been able to buy.  It is they who collect the greatest part of the interest on the National Debt and private capital.  They make and unmake, by the aid of their newspapers, literary, artistic and other reputations; they exercise over the Austrians who have succeeded in resisting their attacks, a kind of economic boycott, by depriving them of clients and credit.  They fix the price of all commodities, adulterate food and encourage alcoholism.  Every year they turn, on an average, from 10 to 12,000 peasants out of their farms, urge the public to gamble on the Stock Exchange and sacrifice everything to their own divinity - Money.  Finally, they have outraged the people's religious feelings, and have crowned their exploits by destroying family life and suppressing patriotism.

“The horror which the spectacle of the ruins heaped up by these excesses has instilled into the nations has rendered them all the more accessible to the suggestions of those who advance a rigid nationalism as the sole means of ensuring a prosperous future.  The Jewish power was only able to grow under the shelter of internal struggles which, in disintegrating the living forces of the country, had left the field free to the instigators of economic troubles. -F. Trocase in “Jewish Austria”

Under the pretext of fighting for the progress of humanity, and under cover of the progress of technical science, the Jews pursue with their accustomed tenacity the work of destruction which they have undertaken.  They have become the irreconcilable and implacable enemies of the Christians, only thinking of destroying their faith, corrupting their morals, and sucking the people's blood, until they are able to reduce them to misery, dominate them more easily, and then make of them legions of slaves.  They pledge themselves to this vow under cover of the Socialist movement. The heart bleeds at the spectacle of this monstrous falsehood.  F. Trocase in “Jewish Austria”.

“The Jews amounted to nothing in Austria prior to 1848.  Today they play a dominant role in the Hapsburg Empire.  One may say, without any exaggeration, that they are the conquerors. They are the only ones who have profited by the revolution which caused so much blood to flow in the streets of Vienna; it would seem that it was for them alone that so many noble victims were sacrificed and the rights of man proclaimed.

With the patience and wonderful competency which seems to be exclusively derogative of their race, they organized the exploitation of Austria, and succeeded in getting within their grasp the whole Christian population, whose apathy greatly facilitated their task.  This complete invasion of an empire in fifty years is, unquestionably, one of the most characteristic facts of modern history...  To thank them for having given them their liberty, the Jewish people led them into bondage...

However, it is not by work or the exercise of any particular virtue that the Jews have arrived at the top of the ladder.  It is not talent; it is not science, nor productive activity which has placed the Jewish population in the front rank.   It is exclusively intrigue, brazenness, the ability to exploit one's neighbor insatiable rapacity and the absence of all scruples.  In shamelessly appropriating the fruit of the work and activity of their fellow-citizens, the Jews have been enabled rapidly to gain riches, influence and the essentials of domination within their grasp.  From nothing, they have in fifty years become everything in the Hapsburg Monarchy...

It is solely, exclusively by exploitation that the Austrian Jew has enriched himself.  He has not worked; he has given no proof of any special merit. He has never taken in his hand a needle, an awl or an axe.  He has never guided a plough, sown a field or mown a meadow.  What fruitful work has he accomplished? All that he has done, he has done for himself.  He has become rich, infinitely richer than the Christians, and at the expense of the Christians.  All they have gained by their work, enlarged by their thrift and saved with the most minute care, he has robbed them of. - F. Trocase in “Jewish Austria”

 Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones, 1st Baronet, A.R.A. (8/28, 1833 – 6/17, 1898) was a British artist and designer closely associated with the later phase of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, who worked closely with William Morris on a wide range of decorative arts. Burne-Jones was closely involved in the rejuvenation of the tradition of stained glass art in Britain; his stained glass works include the windows of St. Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham, Holy Trinity Church, Sloane Square, Chelsea, St Martin's Church in Brampton, St Michael's Church, Brighton, Cumbria, the church designed by Philip Webb, All Saints, Jesus Lane, Cambridge and in Christ Church, Oxford.  In addition to painting and stained glass, Burne-Jones worked in a variety of crafts; including designing ceramic tiles, jewelry, tapestries, mosaics and book illustration, most famously designing woodcuts for the Kelmscott Press's Chaucer in 1896.  “I mean by a picture a beautiful romantic dream of something that never was, never will be — in a better light than any light that ever shone — in a land no one can define or remember, only desire — and from forms divinely beautiful.”

6/25, 1898 “Justice”, of the British Social Democratic Federation: "It seems to be an open secret that the government of France is too much in the grip of Jews to take active measures against them as a body", about the Dreyfus affair.

 Christian Science is a religion founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1866 and practiced by members of The First Church of Christ, Scientist as well as some others who are non-members.  During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, thousands of American Jews were drawn to the teachings of Christian Science.  Since the deity of Christ is not claimed, many Jews become members.  Mary Baker Eddy claims that her teaching reconciles Judaism and Christianity.  Mark Twain wrote a pejorative essay on Christian Science in 1903.

 Jewish Science is a Judaic spiritual movement comparable with the New Thought Movement.  Many of its members also attend services at conventional synagogues.  It was conceived by Rabbi Alfred G. Moses in the early 1900s in response to the growing influence of Christian Science and the New Thought Movement.  His fundamental teachings are found in his 1916 book “Jewish Science: Divine Healing in Judaism”.  The movement was institutionalized in 1922 with Rabbi Morris Lichtenstein's founding of the Society of Jewish Science.

New Thought promotes the ideas that "Infinite Intelligence" or "God" is ubiquitous, spirit is the totality of real things, true human selfhood is divine, divine thought is a force for good, sickness originates in the mind, and "right thinking" has a healing effect.  The three major religious denominations within the New Thought movement are Religious Science, Unity Church and the Church of Divine Science.  There are many other smaller churches within the New Thought movement, as well as schools and umbrella organizations.

William James, in “The Varieties of Religious Experience”, described New Thought: “One of the doctrinal sources of Mind-cure is the four Gospels; another is Emersonianism or New England transcendentalism; another is Berkeleyan idealism; another is spiritism, with its messages of "law" and "progress" and "development"; another the optimistic popular science evolutionism of which I have recently spoken; and, finally, Hinduism has contributed a strain.  But the most characteristic feature of the mind-cure movement is an inspiration much more direct.  The leaders in this faith have had an intuitive belief in the all-saving power of healthy-minded attitudes as such, in the conquering efficacy of courage, hope, and trust, and a correlative contempt for doubt, fear, worry, and all nervously precautionary states of mind.  Their belief has in a general way been corroborated by the practical experience of their disciples; and this experience forms to-day a mass imposing in amount.”

The earliest identifiable proponent of what came to be known as New Thought was Phineas Parkhurst Quimby (1802–66), an American philosopher, mesmerist, healer, and inventor.  Quimby developed a belief system that included the tenet that illness originated in the mind as a consequence of erroneous beliefs and that a mind open to God's wisdom could overcome any illness.  During the late 19th century the metaphysical healing practices of Quimby mingled with the "Mental Science" of Warren Felt Evans, a Swedenborgian minister. 

Many of its early teachers and students were women; notable among the founders of the movement were Emma Curtis Hopkins, known as the "teacher of teachers", Myrtle Fillmore, Malinda Cramer, and Nona L. Brooks; with many of its churches and community centers led by women, from the 1880s to today.  New Thought is also largely a movement of the printed word.  The 1890s and the first decades of the 20th century saw many New Thought books published on the topics of self-help, financial success, and will-training books.  New Thought authors such as of Napoleon Hill, Wallace Wattles, Perry Joseph Green‎, Frank Channing Haddock, and Thomas Troward were extremely popular.

By 1916, the International New Thought Alliance had adopted a creed known as the "Declaration of Principles".  The Alliance is held together by one central teaching: that people, through the constructive use of their minds, can attain freedom, power, health, prosperity, and all good, molding their bodies as well as the circumstances of their lives.  The declaration was revised in 1957, with all references to Christianity removed, and a new statement based on the "inseparable oneness of God and Man".  The largest New Thought-oriented denomination is Seicho-no-Ie.  Other belief systems within the New Thought movement include Jewish Science, Religious Science, Centers for Spiritual Living and Unity.  Past denominations have included Psychiana and Father Divine. 

Religious Science operates under three main organizations: the United Centers for Spiritual Living; the Affiliated New Thought Network; and Global Religious Science Ministries.  Ernest Holmes was the founder of Religious Science, who wrote “The Science of Mind”. 

Unity, founded by Charles and Myrtle Fillmore, identifies itself as "Christian New Thought", focused on "Christian idealism", with the Bible as one of its main texts, although not interpreted literally.  The other core text is Lessons in Truth by H. Emilie Cady.

 ****The Garden City Movement is a method of urban planning that was initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom.  Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts" (parks), containing proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture.  Inspired by the Utopian novel “Looking Backward” (1887), Howard published his book “To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform” in 1898 (which was reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow).  His idealised garden city would house 32,000 people on a site of 6,000 acres (2,400 ha), planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks and six radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the center.  The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full population, another garden city would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city of 50,000 people, linked by road and rail.  There were many developed around the world including Vienna of Karl Lueger and ones envisioned by the Nazis.

1898 US made war with Black Op – The USS Maine explodes and is used as Pretext to war against Spain.  The US seizes Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

Cuba is under US protection until 1934, then under US Jewish Mob control until 1959.  Puerto Rico is US Territory.  Philippines are under direct US influence until Japanese in 1941.

October 1, 1898: A decree by the Russian czar Nicholas II explicitly bars Jews from living in major Russian cities.  The action follows laws issued the previous May, restricting Jewish settlement to the Pale of Settlement.  In Kiev, alone, some 7000 Jews are forced to relocate.

1898-99 U.S. Intervention in Samoan Civil War  with U.S. and British Naval Bombardment of Samoa --A resumption of past civil wars in which Samoan chief Mataafa seized power following the death of his rival, King Malietoa Laupepa, who had defeated him in the last Samoan Civil War (1893-1894).  Fighting ensued, which was complicated by the long-standing rivalry between the U.S., Britain and Germany for de facto control over the Samoan Islands.  On March 15, 1899, warships of the American and British Navies bombarded the Samoan city of Apia to intimidate the reigning Samoan king, who was allied with the Germans.  An Anglo-American landing force took control of Apia, but were not able to pacify the interior.  All sides agreed to cease fighting on May 13, 1899.  Later that year, the three Western nations signed a treaty dividing Samoa between them.  This whole conflict was part of a wider Samoan civil war.

Aubrey Vincent Beardsley (8/21 1872 – 3/16 1898) was an English illustrator and author.  His drawings, done in black ink and influenced by the style of Japanese woodcuts, emphasized the grotesque, the decadent, and the erotic.  He drew numerous caricatures of Jewish types, showing them in the traditional 'anti-Semitic' way as huge-nosed, beetle-browed, thick-lipped grotesques.

Georges Eugène Sorel (11/2 1847 -8/29 1922) was a French philosopher and theorist of revolutionary syndicalism.  His notion of the power of myth in people's lives inspired Marxists and Fascists.  “No one among us would think of regarding the Jews as enemies of our country if they would consent to live as ordinary citizens, following any honorable trade, performing their religious activities, and contributing to general culture as much as possible; but unfortunately the Jewish intellectuals consider themselves little Messiahs, and their nation thinks itself obliged to support them in their expeditions.  In order to have the right to call themselves architects of great transformations, the Jewish writers fight stubbornly against the spiritual heritage of the society into which they have been admitted by the accident of migration.  Such undertakings can not fail to arouse justified anger.  A people so abject that it would out of sheer wantonness sacrifice to the Jewish spoofers the depository of its traditions, would obviously deserve to suffer the worst catastrophes.” (Some Jewish Claims)

One of Sorel's favorite quotations was by the prominent Jew, Daniel Halévy: "Antisemitism is a very plausible attitude, and to a certain extent a prudent one" (from Halévy's Struggles and Problems, Paris, 1911, page 99).  Sorel noted that Jews occupy chief positions in the world of demagogy, where he said it was easy for mediocrities to make profitable careers.  He observed that virtually all Jews encourage or at least defend pornographic literature.  Later in life, just before World War One (which he believed Jewish international finance had arranged), Sorel is described by his biographer as having become "violently anti-Semitic" (Gaetan Pirou, Georges Sorel, page 50).   With Charles Fourier, Pierre Proudhon, MIkhyl Bakunyin, Sorel was a direct forerunner of National Socialism in its battle against bogus revolutionaries in secret collaboration with high finance.  It is amusing, therefore, that there seems to have developed a certain 'craze' for Sorel among our contemporary 'college kid' Reds, based upon what they think they know of him from censored paperback anthologies currently available.

 Kaiser Wilhelm II (1/27 1859 – 6/4 1941) ruled the German Empire from 6/15 1888 to 11/9 1918.  He was a grandson of the British Queen Victoria and related to many monarchs and princes of Europe.  Crowned in 1888, he dismissed the Chancellor, Prince Otto von Bismarck, in 1890.  An ineffective war leader, he lost the support of the army, abdicated in November 1918, and fled to exile in the Netherlands.  The deposed Kaiser voiced opposition to Hitler's movement, yet he received Göring in his Dutch residence.  Hitler knew well of Wilhelm's opposition to Nazi rule, but accorded him a ceremonial funeral (in which no swastikas were displayed).

In 1898, German Emperor Wilhelm II and his wife Augusta Viktoria visited Jerusalem.  Their tour of Jerusalem, lasting six days, was an extravagant and defining event.  During his visit the Emperor met with the Sultan in Istanbul, in order to strengthen ties between Germany and the Ottoman Empire.  The emperor rode into the Old City on a white horse clad in a white mantle with a gold crown on his head through a specially made opening in the wall, to the sounds of 21 cannons, and the Turkish orchestra playing the German anthem.  (also see 1910)

 "Xmas" is a common abbreviation of the word "Christmas".  The "X" comes from the Greek letter Chi which begins the word "Christ".  Mas is from Mass.  "Xmas" is found in a letter from George Woodward in 1753.  Lord Byron used the term in 1811, as did Samuel Coleridge (1801) and Lewis Carroll (1864).  The word "Christ" and its compounds, including "Christmas", have been abbreviated in English for at least the past 1,000 years, long before the modern "Xmas" was commonly used. "Christ" was often written as "XP"; there are references in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as far back as AD 1021. This X and P arose as the uppercase forms of the Greek letters χ and ρ used in ancient abbreviations for Χριστος (Greek for "Christ"), and are still widely seen in many Eastern Orthodox icons depicting Jesus Christ.  The labarum, an amalgamation of the two Greek letters rendered as ☧, is a symbol often used to represent Christ in Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox Christian Churches.  The Oxford English Dictionary cited usages of "X-" or "Xp-" for "Christ-" as early as 1485.  The terms "Xpian" and "Xtian" have also been used for "Christian". The dictionary further cites usage of "Xtianity" for "Christianity" from 1634. 

“The Arctic Home in the Vedas” (1898) is a book on the origin of Aryans by Lokmanya Bâl Gangâdhar Tilak, a mathematician turned astronomer, historian, journalist, philosopher and political leader of India during 1880 to 1920.  It propounded the theory that the North Pole was the original home of Aryans during pre-glacial period which they had to leave due to the ice deluge around 8000 B.C. and had to migrate to the Northern parts of Europe and Asia in search of lands for new settlements.  In support to his theory Tilak has presented certain Vedic hymns, Avestic passages, Vedic chronology and Vedic calendars with interpretations of the contents in detail.  The book was written at the end of 1898, but was first published in March 1903 in Pune.

Karl Rohm (1873-1948) was a German author and publisher.  He founded a publishing house in 1898.  His publications include translations of the works of Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton and other contemporary occultists. In 1919, he published “What is Jewish Spirit?” by John Retcliffe and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.  Rohm joined the Nazi Party in 1923 and supported the Hitler-Ludendorff Putsch. He left after 1934. 

1899         1899         1899         1899

  The Polna Affair - On April 1, 1899, the body of 19-year-old Agnes Hruza, a Christian young woman, was found in a woods near Polna, Bohemia, then a part of Austria-Hungary. Her throat had been slashed so badly that she was nearly decapitated. Her wounds revealed that she had been held upside down until her body had been emptied of blood. As the blood was not found at the crime scene, it must have been collected and carried away.  Eyewitnesses testified that a Jew named Leopold Hilsner was seen near the place of the murder at about the time it took place. Hilsner had been accused of murdering another girl just the previous year (1898). Another witness testified that Hilsner owned a ritual slaughtering knife.  Hilsner, however, was convicted and received the death sentence.  At that point, international Jewish power became involved. The Rothschilds evidently bribed Austra-Hungary Emperor Franz Joseph to pardon Leopold Hilsner from death and sent to prison. .  Hilsner was released from prison by the Marxists in the rioting of 1918; he died a few years later.

1899 Hague Convention: No Poisonous gases or “dum-dum” (expanding) bullets.

Benjamin Franklin Norris, Jr. (3/5, 1870 – 10/25, 1902) was a novelist, during the Progressive Era, writing predominantly in the naturalist genre.  His notable works include McTeague (1899), The Octopus: A California Story (1901), and The Pit (1903).   His characterization of Zerkow in McTeague, "He had the thin, eager catlike lips of the covetous; eyes that had grown keen as those of a lynx from long searching amid muck and debris; and claw-like, prehensile fingers -- the fingers of a man who accumulates, but never disburses.  It was impossible to look at Zerkow and not know instantly that greed -- inordinate, insatiable greed -- was the dominant passion of the man.  He was the Man with the Rake, groping hourly in the muck heap of the city for gold, for gold, for gold.  It was his dream, his passion; at every instant he seemed to feel the generous solid weight of the crude fat metal in his palms."

Thorstein Bunde Veblen (7/30, 1857 – 8/3, 1929) was an economist and sociologist, and a leader of the so-called institutional economics movement.  Besides his technical work he was a popular and witty critic of capitalism, as shown by his best known book “The Theory of the Leisure Class” (1899).   He often referred to the Jews as the Chosen People.

 Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce (6/24, 1842 – 1914?) was a editorialist, journalist, short story writer, fabulist and satirist.  Today, he is best known for his short story, "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" and his satirical lexicon, The Devil's Dictionary.

“American Naturalism and the Jews” examines the unabashed anti-Semitism of five notable American naturalist novelists otherwise known for their progressive social values.  Hamlin Garland, Frank Norris, and Theodore Dreiser all pushed for social improvements for the poor and oppressed, while Edith Wharton and Willa Cather both advanced the public status of women.  But they all also expressed strong prejudices against the Jewish race and faith throughout their fiction, essays, letters, and other writings, producing a contradiction in American literary history that has stymied scholars and, until now, gone largely unexamined.

 Henry James Sr. (6/3, 1811– 12/18, 1882) was an American theologian and Swedenborgian, best known as the father of the philosopher William James, novelist Henry James, and diarist Alice James.  Henry James Sr. was the son of William James (1771–1832), who emigrated from Ireland around 1789, and who amassed a fortune of about $1.2 million from business dealings in upstate New York State, primarily in Albany real estate and money lending.  The building of the Erie Canal was another factor in the James family's prosperity.

 Henry James, O.M. (4/15, 1843 – 2/28, 1916) was a writer, regarded as one of the key figures of 19th-century literary realism.  "The Jew is a persistent figure in [Henry] James' fiction," notes Jewish author Michael Dobkowski, "He appears in ten of twenty novels, in eight short stories, one critical essay, and several travel essays.  The Hebrew symbolizes basically the same areas of human experience that James explored in other literary themes -- internationalism, bourgeois corruption, social stratification, genteel decline, the conflict between money and manners, and the exploitation of one human being by another for gain."   “There is no swarming like that of Israel when once Israel has got a start, and the scene here bristled, at every step, with the signs and sounds, immitigable, unmistakable, of a Jewry that had burst all bounds.  That it has burst all bounds in New York, almost any combination of figures or objects taken at hazard sufficiently proclaims... It was as if we had been thus, in the crowded, hustled roadway, where multiplication, multiplication of everything, was the dominant note, at the bottom of some vast shallow aquarium in which innumerable fish, of over-developed proboscis, were to bump together, for ever, amid heaped spoils of the sea...  It was fairly as if I could see the spectre grin while the talk of the hour gave, across the board, facts and figures, chapter and verse, for the extent of the Hebrew conquest of New York.  What struck me in the flaring streets (over and beyond the everywhere insistent, defiant, unhumorous, exotic face) was the blaze of the shops addressed to the New Jerusalem wants and the splendour with which these were taken for granted; the only thing indeed a little ambiguous was just this look of the trap too brilliantly, too candidly baited for the wary side of Israel itself.  It is not for Israel, in general, that Israel so artfully shines - yet its being moved to do so, at last, in that luxurious style, might be precisely the grand side of the city of redemption. Who can ever tell, moreover, in any conditions and in presence of any apparent anomaly, what the genius of Israel may, or may not, really be 'up to'?” (The American Scene 1907)  The summary was this: In the "dense Yiddish quarter" one had the sense of "a great swarming," and "there is no swarming like that of Israel." The faces --"insistent, defiant, unhumorous" were something to behold, with an "excess of lurid meaning" in many of the older ones. "Who can ever tell ... what the genius of Israel may, or may not, really be 'up to'?"

 William James (1/11, 1842 – 8/26, 1910) was a pioneering psychologist and philosopher who trained as a physician.  He wrote influential books on the young science of psychology, educational psychology, psychology of religious experience and mysticism, and on the philosophy of pragmatism.  James interacted with a wide array of writers and scholars throughout his life, including his godfather Ralph Waldo Emerson, his godson William James Sidis, as well as Charles Sanders Peirce, Bertrand Russell, Josiah Royce, Ernst Mach, John Dewey, Macedonio Fernández, Walter Lippmann, Mark Twain, Horatio Alger, Jr., Henri Bergson and Sigmund Freud.  James wrote an Anti-War essay in 1906 called “The Moral Equivalent of War”.  The virtues of “fidelity, cohesiveness, tenacity, heroism, conscience, education, inventiveness, economy, wealth, physical health and vigor” do not need militaristic impetus, but rather “the fear of the Lord (may) furnish the moral spur provided elsewhere by the fear of the enemy.”

“The Modern Jew” by Arnold Henry White (2/1, 1848 – 2/5, 1925) was an English journalist.  Author of "Problems of a Great City'.

In 1891 British journalist & politician Arnold White (1848 - 1925) was commissioned by the Jewish Colonization Association (JCA), to travel to Russia and discuss with Czarist government; the transfer of 3,000,000 Russian Jews, over a period of 12 years, to colonies in Argentina.  Although White was opposed to immigration of Russian Jews to Britain, labeling him as anti-Semitic would be simplistic. In his report to the JCA, he wrote of the Jews he had met during his extensive travels in Russia: "In short, if courage—moral courage—hope, patience, temperance, are fine qualities, then the Jews are a fine people.  Such a people, under wise direction, is destined to make a success of any well-organized plan of colonization, whether in Argentina, Siberia, or South Africa."  He later wrote in 1903: “The press of Europe may be said to be Jewish. Finance is in Jewish hands. The South African "War was not fought for the Jews, but to them was garnered most of the harvest that came from the bloodshed by Boer and Briton. The British taxpayer is poorer, the Boer is certainly poorer for the war. Only the great Jewish houses are enriched. The wealth that comes to them is by no means squandered in idle display. Technical education in England and research in consumption are endowed, not by Anglo-Saxons, but the Jews.  Egypt is enriched by the financial genius of a Jew. The cable and news distributing agencies are Jewish. One man in six living in New York is a Jew. The President of the United States has seriously considered the policy of interfering in what most people regard as the internal affairs of Russia. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet of England alter their policy and abandon an important bill in Parliament at the frown of the Rothschilds. At court and in society Jews in Britain are predominant.  Offend the Jewish aristocracy of England and you offend her courtiers and her court; such is the power of the ''Chosen People" outside the limits of Russia — a power gained when they lost their taste for pastoral theocracy in their monotonous progress toward the mastery of the world.”

 1899 “The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century” by Houston Stewart Chamberlain (9/9, 1855 – 1/9, 1927) was a British-born author.  Of the Jew “His fierce passions and fiendish cunning…, his unsocial and iniquitous Oral Law (Talmud) contributed to inflame his wild lust…, and to justify the crimes suggested by spite and superstition.”   "The revelation of Christ has no significance for the Jew! ... I have searched through a whole library of Jewish books in the expectation of finding - naturally not belief in the Divinity of Christ, nor the idea of redemption, but the purely human feeling for the greatness of suffering Savior - but in vain.  A Jew who feels that, is, in fact, no longer a Jew, but a denier of Judiasm. And while we find, even in Mohammed's Koran, at least a vague conception of the importance of Christ and profound reverence for His personality, a cultured leading Jew of the nineteenth century (Graetz) calls Christ "the new birth with the death mask," which inflicted new and painful wounds upon the Jewish people; he cannot see anything else in Him.  In view of the Cross he assures us that "the Jews do not require this convulsive emotion for their spiritual improvement," and adds, "particularly not among the middle classes of inhabitants of the cities."  His comprehension goes further. In a book, republished in 1880, by a Spanish Jew (Mose de Leon) Jesus Christ is called a "dead dog" that lies "buried in a dunghill." Besides, the Jews have taken care to issue in the latter part of the nineteens century several editions (naturally in Hebrew) of the so-called "censured passages" from the Talmud, those passages usually omitted in which Christ is exposed to our scorn and hatred as a "fool," "sorcerer," "profane person," "idolater," "dog," "bastard," "child of lust," etc.: so, too, His sublime Mother."

 ****Genocides in History from Wikipedia. (The word was coined by Jew Raphael Lemkin only in 1944.)  Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group.  Several of these can be debated.  Timeline of genocides and alleged genocides:

1490 to 1914: Americas;  USA;   Argentina;  Australia;  France;  Philippines;  Ireland;  War of the Three Kingdoms;   Great Irish Famine;  Russian Empire;  Chinese dynasties.

1915 to 1950: Ottoman Empire/Turkey;  Armenian;  Assyrian;  Greek;  Dersim Kurds;  Turkish government position;   Soviet Union;  Croatia;  Dominican Republic;  British India.

1951 to 2000: Expulsion of Germans after World War II;   Australia 1900-1969;  Algeria (1954-1962);  Zanzibar;  Uganda;  Nigeria;  Guatemala 1968-1996;  Bangladesh War of 1971;  Burundi 1972 and 1993;  Rwanda 1994;  Equatorial Guinea;  Cambodia;  East Timor under Indonesian occupation;  Dirty War in Argentina;  Sabra-Shatila, Lebanon;  Soviet invasion of Afghanistan;  Ethiopia;  Iraqi Kurds;  China under Mao;   Tibet;  Brazil;  Democratic Republic of Congo;  Azerbaijan;  West New Guinea / West Papua;  Sri Lanka;  Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-1995;  Rwanda;  Darfur, Sudan. 

[Not all of the above were as horrendous as history has written.  Propaganda and Victors sometimes inflate numbers.]

****American Concentration Camps - The Philippine–American War was an armed military conflict between the Philippines and the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following annexation by the United States.  The conflict began officially on June 2, 1899, when the Philippines declared war against the United States and it officially ended on July 4, 1902, after President Emilio Aguinaldo's surrender.  General Jacob H. Smith's infamous order "KILL EVERY ONE OVER TEN" and from 1895 to 1900, the population decreased from 9,000,000 to 8,000,000.  The US committed scorched earth campaigns where entire villages were burned and destroyed, torture (water cure) and the concentration of civilians into "protected zones".  Filipino villagers were forced into internment camps which were overcrowded and filled with disease, causing the death rate to be extremely high.  Some camps incurred death rates as high as 20 percent.  Anyone found outside the internment camps were shot.

U.S. Army General Otis stated that Filipino insurgents tortured American prisoners in “fiendish fashion”.  According to Otis, many were buried alive, or were placed up to their necks in anthills.  Others had their genitals removed and stuffed into their mouths, and were then executed by suffocation or bleeding to death.  It was also stated that some prisoners were deliberately infected with leprosy before being released to spread the disease among their comrades.  Spanish priests were horribly mutilated before their congregations, and natives who refused to support Emilio Aguinaldo were slaughtered by the thousands.  American newspaper headlines announced the “Murder and Rapine” by the “Fiendish Filipinos.” General “Fighting Joe” Wheeler insisted that it was the Filipinos who had mutilated their own dead, murdered women and children, and burned down villages, solely to discredit American soldiers.

****Corporation vs Corporatism (This is an important distinction, because often in contemporary usage, "corporatism" is used as a term to describe politics dominated by the interests of business corporations (Corporatocracy).  The term has been misused and the original meaning of corporatism as referring to the body of the people has been changed.)

  Corporation - A corporation is an institution that is granted a charter recognizing it as a separate legal entity having its own privileges, and liabilities distinct from those of its members.  Corporations exist as a product of corporate law, and their rules balance the interests of the management who operate the corporation, creditors, shareholders, and employees who contribute their labor.  An important feature of corporation is limited liability.  If a corporation fails, shareholders normally only stand to lose their investment, and employees will lose their jobs, but neither will be further liable for debts that remain owing to the corporation's creditors.  In the 1886 case Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad, 118 U.S. 394, the Supreme Court recognized that corporations were recognized as persons for purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment.  Corporations can now exercise human rights against real individuals and the state, and they may be responsible for human rights violations.  This is HyperMaterialism, since corporations from Medieval times were granted charters only insofar as the corporation was to behave for the common good.

Criticisms of corporations - This granting of "personhood" to an organization with no personal liability creates a legal entity with the extensive financial resources to co-opt public policy and exploit resources and populations without any moral or legal responsibility to encourage restraint.  Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations criticized the joint-stock company corporate form because the separation of ownership and management could lead to inefficient management and corruption.  In his day, the joint-stock company was created by the King of Great Britain as Royal Charter trading companies which were awarded legal monopoly in designated regions of the world, such as the British East India Company.  The modern corporate entity is 'an institutional psychopath' for profit which doesn’t care for human considerations or long term consequences.  Lobbying and corruption are accepted in this endeavor.  Public oversight is limited and corporations may be employed to influence political campaigns.  Limited liability decreases the need to monitor agents. 

Often corporations put short-term profits for their shareholders ahead of labor, environment or community concerns.

A cartel is a formal agreement among competing firms.  They may agree on such matters as price fixing, total industry output, market shares, allocation of customers, allocation of territories, bid rigging, establishment of common sales agencies, and the division of profits or combination of these. The aim of such collusion is to increase profits by reducing competition.  In a public cartel a government is involved to enforce the cartel agreement and to benefit the community.  Private cartels are subject to legal liability under the antitrust laws and are meant to benefit only those individuals who constitute it.  Proving the existence of a private cartel is rarely easy, as firms are usually not so careless as to put collusion agreements on paper.

Regulatory competition is when law makers compete to attract businesses to operate in their jurisdiction.  The dominant opinion is that regulatory competition between jurisdictions creates a "race to the bottom" in standards, due to the decreased ability of any jurisdiction to enforce standards without the cost of driving investment abroad.  The main fields of law affected by regulatory competition are corporate law, labor law, tax and environmental law.  This competition emerged out of the late 19th century experience with charter competition among US states to attract corporations. 

Anti-competitive practices are business or government practices that prevent or reduce competition in a market.  Anti-competitive practices can include:  1.Dumping, where a company sells a product in a competitive market at a loss to force other competitors out of the market, after which the company would be free to raise prices for a greater profit.  2.Exclusive dealing, where a retailer or wholesaler is obliged by contract to only purchase from the contracted supplier.  3.Price fixing, where companies collude to set prices, effectively dismantling the free market.  4.Refusal to deal, e.g., two companies agree not to use a certain vendor.  5.Dividing territories, an agreement by two companies to stay out of each other's way and reduce competition in the agreed-upon territories.  6.Limit Pricing, where the price is set by a monopolist at a level intended to discourage entry into a market.  7.Tying, where products that aren't naturally related must be purchased together.  8.Resale price maintenance, where resellers are not allowed to set prices independently.

Also criticized are: 1.Absorption of a competitor or competing technology, where the powerful firm effectively co-opts or swallows its competitor rather than see it either compete directly or be absorbed by another firm.  2.Subsidies from government which allow a firm to function without being profitable, giving them an advantage over competition or effectively barring competition.  3.Regulations which place costly restrictions on firms that less wealthy firms cannot afford to implement.  4.Protectionism, Tariffs and Quotas which give firms insulation from competitive forces.  5.Patent misuse and copyright misuse, such as fraudulently obtaining a patent, copyright, or other form of intellectual property; or using such legal devices to gain advantage in an unrelated market.  6.Digital rights management which prevents owners from selling used media, as would normally be allowed by the first sale doctrine. 

It is usually difficult to practice anti-competitive practices unless the parties involved have significant market power or government backing.  Monopolies and oligopolies are often accused of, and sometimes found guilty of, anti-competitive practices.  For this reason, company mergers are often examined closely by government regulators to avoid reducing competition in an industry.  Anti-competitive practices have a negative effect on the economy as a whole.  In some cases, anti-competitive behavior can be difficult to distinguish from competition.  For instance, a distinction must be made between product bundling, which is a legal market strategy, and product tying, which violates anti-trust law.  Some advocates of laissez-faire capitalism (such as Monetarists, some Neoclassical economists, and the heterodox economists of the Austrian school) reject the term, seeing all "anti-competitive behavior" as forms of competition that benefit consumers.

Collusion is an agreement to limit open competition by deceiving, misleading, or defrauding others of their legal rights.  It is an agreement among firms to divide the market, set prices, or limit production.  It can involve "wage fixing, kickbacks, or misrepresenting the independence of the relationship between the colluding parties".

Often the largest corporations may fund ‘grass-roots’ protests to require government regulation which effectively puts their competition out of business, but leave themselves unaffected.

 ****Corporatism - Corporatism, also known as corporativism, is a system of economic, political, or social organization that views a community as a body based upon organic social solidarity and functional distinction and roles among individuals.  The term corporatism is based on the Latin word "corpus" meaning "body".  Formal corporatist models are based upon the contract of corporate groups, such as agricultural, business, ethnic, labor, military, patronage, scientific, or religious affiliations, into a collective body. One of the most prominent forms of corporatism is economic tripartism involving negotiations between business, labor, and state interest groups to set economic policy.

Corporatism is related to the sociological concept of structural functionalism.  Corporate social interaction is common within kinship groups such as families, clans and ethnicities.  Corporatist views of community and social interaction are common in many major world religions such as Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism.  Corporatism has been utilized by many ideologies across the political spectrum, including: absolutism, capitalism, conservatism, fascism, liberalism, progressivism, reactionism, social democracy, socialism, and syndicalism.

Corporatism is not Corporationism!

Boer War:

4/25, 1896 In particular, the Boer War and the events leading up to it were frequently pictured as being in defense of Jewish financial interests in South Africa.  H.M. Hyndman, the leader of the Social Democratic Federation, warned against the construction of an "Anglo-Hebraic empire in Africa" (British “Justice”).

1899   Britain goes to war with the Dutch Boers of South Africa to capture the gold mines and diamond mines for the Jews.  Britain detains Boer civilians in concentration camps.  Thousands of Boer men, women, and children are killed.

 “If it were possible to eject the Jew monopolists from this country's neck and crop without incurring war with Great Britain, then the problem of ever lasting peace would be settled in South Africa.” Paul Kruger - President of the Transvaal, in a speech in Johannesburg Marketplace in February, 1899.

1900 "Practically £100,000 of the taxpayer's money has been spent in trying to secure the gold fields of South Africa for cosmopolitan Jews, most of whom had no patriotism and no country" (John Ward, leader of the Navvies' Union, T.U.C. Annual Report, 1900).

2/24, 1900 Robert Blatchford's British journal, “The Clarion”, quoted with approval the claim that: "Modern imperialism is really run by half a dozen financial houses, many of them Jewish, to whom politics is a counter in the game of buying and selling securities and the people are convenient pawns."  The National Clarion Cycling club is a cycling club with some 26 member sections and over 600 members throughout Great Britain.  It was formed in February 1894 in Birmingham, England as the Socialists' Cycling Club.  At its second meeting it renamed itself the Clarion Cycling Club after The Clarion socialist newspaper.

 ****English Concentration Camps for Boers -The Second Boer War was fought from October 11, 1899 until May 31, 1902, between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics of the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State.   The term "concentration camp" was first used to describe camps operated by the British in South Africa during this conflict.  The camps had originally been set up by the British Army as "refugee camps" to provide refuge for civilian families who had been forced to abandon their homes.  As Boer farms were destroyed by the British under their "Scorched Earth" policy—including the systematic destruction of crops and slaughtering of livestock, the burning down of homesteads and farms, and the poisoning of wells and salting of fields—to prevent the Boers from resupplying from a home base many tens of thousands of women and children were forcibly moved into the concentration camps.  Eventually, there were a total of 45 tented camps built for Boer internees and 64 for black Africans.  Of the 28,000 Boer men captured as prisoners of war, 25,630 were sent overseas. The vast majority of Boers remaining in the local camps were women and children. Over 26,000 women and children were to perish in these concentration camps. 

The concentration camps are built by Field Marshal Lord Roberts, British Commander-in-Chief in South Africa during the Boer War.  Camps are expanded by General Lord Kitchener, and the population of the concentration camps increases to approximately 110,000 whites and 107,000 Africans.  An estimated 27,927 whites, of whom 26,251 are women and children, and at least 13,315 Africans die due to starvation, poor location, bad administration, and disease. (Grolier)

The camps were poorly administered from the outset and became increasingly overcrowded when Kitchener's troops implemented the internment strategy on a vast scale. Conditions were terrible for the health of the internees, mainly due to neglect, poor hygiene and bad sanitation.  The supply of all items was unreliable, partly because of the constant disruption of communication lines by the Boers. The food rations were meagre and there was a two-tier allocation policy, whereby families of men who were still fighting were routinely given smaller rations than others.  The inadequate shelter, poor diet, inadequate hygiene and overcrowding led to malnutrition and endemic contagious diseases such as measles, typhoid and dysentery to which the children were particularly vulnerable.  An additional problem was the Boers' use of traditional medicines like a cow-dung poultice for skin diseases and crushed insects for convulsions.  Coupled with a shortage of modern medical facilities, many of the internees died.  As many Africans became refugees as the war raged across their farms and with the destruction of their homes, they, like Boers, moved to the towns where the British army hastily created internment camps.

Subsequently, the "Scorched Earth" policy was ruthlessly applied to both Boers and Africans; although most black Africans were not considered by the British to be hostile, many tens of thousands were also forcibly removed from Boer areas and also placed in concentration camps.  Africans were separately held from Boer internees.  Eventually there were a total of 64 tented camps for Africans.  Conditions were as bad as in the camps for the Boers, but although after the Fawcett Commission report conditions improved in the Boer camps, "improvements were much slower in coming to the black camps."  It is worth noting that Emily Hobhouse and the Fawcett Commission only ever concerned themselves with the camps that held Boer refugees.  No one paid much attention to what was going on in the camps that held African refugees.  It is thought that about 12% of all black African inmates died (about 14,154) but the precise number of deaths of Africans in concentration camps is unknown as little attempt was made to keep any records of the 107,000 black Africans who were interned.

 1899 Gideons Bibles International is an evangelical Christian organization dedicated to distributing copies of the Bible in over 94 languages and 194 countries of the world, most famously in hotel and motel rooms.  It began distributing free Bibles, the work it is chiefly known for, in 1908, when the first Bibles were placed in the rooms of the Superior Hotel in Superior, Montana.  Nearly 79 million Gideon Scriptures were given out in 2009. Close to 1.7 billion Scriptures have been distributed since 1908.  Gideon in Scripture was a faithful man, but in reality he also slaughtered thousands in battle by plotting with the "Lord" to use Treachery.   Gideon murdered thousands more for worshipping "false Gods."  Gideon tortured and killed still more for daring to taunt him.  Gideon plundered the bodies of his victims (to fashion a jeweled priestly vestment).  Gideon fathered an offspring who killed 69 of his stepbrothers.

Bernard Bosanquet (6/14, 1848– 2/8, 1923) was an English philosopher and political theorist.  He moved to London in 1881, where he became an active member of the London Ethical Society and the Charity Organisation Society.  Bosanquet was one of the leaders of the so-called neo-Hegelian philosophical movement in Great Britain.  He was strongly influenced by the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, but also by the German philosophers Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Immanuel Kant.  His best-known works are “The Philosophical Theory of the State” (1899), and his Gifford lectures, “The Principle of Individuality and Value” (1912) and “The Value and Destiny of the Individual” (1913).  He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1894 to 1898.  Bosanquet did not think that the state has a right to impose socialist control over its individual citizens.  "On the contrary, he believed that if society is organic and individual, then its elements can cooperate apart from a centralized organ of control, the need for which presupposes that harmony has to be imposed upon something that is naturally unharmonious."  The State would provide the general conditions and policies that would best foster the pursuit of individual development.

“Americanism & the AntiChristian Conspiracy” (1899) by Msgr. Henri Delassus (4/12, 1836 – 1921).  The author was held in the highest esteem by Pope St. Pius X.  In this eye-opening treatise he makes vividly clear the strong interconnectedness between Americanism, Freemasonry, Judaism, Liberalism and Modernism.  Especially important because large numbers of traditional Catholics have become infected with the deadly virus of Americanism.

****The Progress of Peace: 1863, 1899

July 29, 1899 First Hague Convention Signed - The first peace conference was proposed on August 29, 1898 by Russian Tsar Nicholas II.  The conference opened on May 18, 1899, the Tsar's birthday. The main effect of the Convention was to ban the use of certain types of modern technology in war: bombing from the air, chemical warfare, and hollow point bullets.

The Hague Conventions were two international treaties negotiated at international peace conferences at The Hague in the Netherlands: The First Hague Conference in 1899 and the Second Hague Conference in 1907. Along with the Geneva Conventions, the Hague Conventions were among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the body of secular international law.  A third conference was planned for 1914 and later rescheduled for 1915, but never took place due to the start of World War I.  The German international law scholar and neo-Kantian pacifist Walther Schücking called the assemblies the "international union of Hague conferences" and saw them as a nucleus of an international federation.

Walther Adrian Schücking (1/6, 1875 – 8/25, 1935) was a German liberal politician, professor of public international law and the first German judge at the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague.  He was one of the six German delegates to the Paris Peace Conference and a negotiator of the Treaty of Versailles.   His parents were district judge Carl Lothar Levin Schücking and his wife Luise Wilhelmine Amalie Beitzke (daughter of the politician and historian Heinrich Beitzke).  His grandfather was the German novelist Levin Schücking (1814–1883).  His brothers were Levin Ludwig Schücking (1878–1964), professor of English at the University of Leipzig, and Lothar Engelbert Schücking (1873–1943), lawyer, author and mayor of Husum.  Schücking was married to Irmgard Auguste Charlotte Marte von Laer (1881–1952).  (Levin is such a Jew identifier.)

A major effort in both the conferences was to create a binding international court for compulsory arbitration to settle international disputes, which was considered necessary to replace the institution of war.  This effort, however, failed to realize success either in 1899 or in 1907. The First Conference was generally a success and was focused on disarmament efforts.  The Second Conference failed to create a binding international court for compulsory arbitration but did enlarge the machinery for voluntary arbitration, and established conventions regulating the collection of debts, rules of war, and the rights and obligations of neutrals. Along with disarmament and obligatory arbitration, both conferences included negotiations concerning the laws of war and war crimes.  Many of the rules laid down at the Hague Conventions were violated in the First World War.  Most of the countries present, including the United States, Britain, Russia, France, China, and Persia, favored a binding international arbitration, but the condition was that the vote should be unanimous, and a few countries, led by Germany, vetoed the idea.

Hollow Point Bullets were prohibited in international warfare.  NATO members do not use this destructive ammunition.  Despite the ban on military use, hollow-point bullets are one of the most common types of civilian and police ammunition (!), due largely to the reduced risk of bystanders being hit by over-penetrating or ricocheted bullets, and the increased speed of incapacitation.  (Orwellian definition!)

 A 19th Century caricature of “the Monopoly News Delivery”—suggesting the control of the American press is in Jewish hands.

The French View of Jews: La Croix , the daily newspaper of the Assumptionist fathers held considerable influence among the Catholic faithful in France. La Croix published Le Complot Juif (The Jewish Conspiracy) containing the Jewish plan of world domination.  In this pamphlet, the Jews are accused of planning a war against the Catholic Church in order to destroy Christianity.  Jews are further portrayed as controllers of the press, the economy, and government, as well as corrupters of values and disseminators of revolution and socialism.  What motivated Jews to pursue such pernicious acts?  According to the pamphlet, the Jews were acting upon the promise to Abraham to reign over the earth.

 A caricature from France in 1898.

The Italian View of Jews: In a series of famous articles in the 1890s, LaCivilt`a Cattolica laid blame for these problems on the Jews and called for the appropriation of Jewish wealth as a solution to the Jewish Problem.  The view that Jews adhered to Freemasonry and played an instrumental role in the Risorgimento was widely shared within Catholic circles.   That the mayor of Rome during the early 1900s was Ernesto Nathan, a prominent Jew and leader of the Italian Freemasons, did little to dissuade the church of the link between Jews and Freemasonry as well as the tie between Jews and other anti-clerical and radical movements.   As elsewhere, religiously inspired anti-Semites in Italy accused the Jews of playing a consequential role in the secularization of elementary and secondary education.  In Italy, the Catholic Church had controlled the curriculum in schools until the passage of the Credaro Laws in 1910 and 1911.

The British View of Jews:  Popular British newspapers could also be counted on to keep alive the negative Jewish stereotypes.  For instance, the Daily Mail, Britain’s most widely circulated daily newspaper in the first decades of the twentieth century, published a number of serialized novels, including Edgar Joyce’s 1899 House of Hate, B. L. Farjean’s 1900 Pride of Race, and Pierre Costello’s 1907 A Sinner in Israel, in which Jews were portrayed as cunning, excessively proud, or avaricious.

 William Zebina Ripley (10/13, 1867 – 8/16, 1941) was an economist, lecturer at Columbia University, professor of economics at MIT, professor of political economics at Harvard University, and racial theorist.  Ripley was famous for his criticisms of American railroad economics and American business practices in the 1920s and 1930s and later his tripartite racial theory of Europe.  His work of racial anthropology was later taken up by physical anthropologists, eugenicists and white nationalists and was considered a valid academic work at the time.

In 1899, he authored “The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study”.  Ripley believed that the concept of race was explanatory of human difference. Even further, he believed it to be the central engine to understanding human history, although his work also afforded strong weight to environmental and non-biological factors, such as traditions.  He believed, as he wrote in the introduction to Races of Europe, that: "Race, properly speaking, is responsible only for those peculiarities, mental or bodily, which are transmitted with constancy along the lines of direct physical descent from father to son.  Many mental traits, aptitudes, or proclivities, on the other hand, which reappear persistently in successive populations may be derived from an entirely different source.  They may have descended collaterally, along the lines of purely mental suggestion by virtue of mere social contact with preceding generations."  Ripley based his conclusions about race on his attempts to correlate anthropometric data with geographical data, especially using the cephalic index, which at the time was considered a reliable anthropometric measure.  Based on these measurements and other socio-geographical data, Ripley classified Europeans into three distinct races: Teutonic — members of the northern race were long-skulled (or dolichocephalic), tall in stature, and possessed pale eyes and skin.  Alpine — members of the central race were round-skulled (or brachycephalic), stocky in stature, and possessed intermediate eye and skin color.  Mediterranean — members of the southern race were long-skulled (or dolichocephalic), short in stature, and possessed dark eyes and skin.  Ripley's tripartite system of race put him at odds both with others on the topic of human difference, including those who insisted that there was only one European race, and those who insisted that there were dozens of European races (such as Joseph Deniker, who Ripley saw as his chief rival).  The Races of Europe, overall, became an influential book of the era in the then-accepted field of racial taxonomy.  Ripley's tripartite system of racial classification was especially championed by Madison Grant, who changed Ripley's "Teutonic" type into Grant's own Nordic type (taking the name, but little else, from Deniker), which he postulated as a master race.  It is in this light that Ripley's work on race is usually remembered today, though little of Grant's racist ideology is present in Ripley's original work.  The Races of Europe, by William Z. Ripley (1899), has this to say about the Jews. Note that the following are excerpts only: “The Jews have maintained their solidarity in all parts of the earth, even in individual isolation one from another.  The Jews bunch wherever possible.  That the Jews have preserved their individuality despite all mutations of environment goes without saying.  They have accomplished this without absolute unity of language.  They still constitute a distinctive social unit wherever they chance to be.

“To [territorial nationality] the Jew is indifferent, typifying still the Oriental tribal idea.  As a result he is out of harmony with his environment.  An element of dislike of a political nature, on the part of the Christian is added to the irreconcilability of religious belief.  It has ever been the Aryan versus the Semite in religion throughout all history, as Renan has observed; and today it has also become the people versus the nation, as well as the Jew versus the Christian.

“An element of social solidarity is sometimes, though rarely, found in a community of physical descent.  To the cementing bonds of speech, tradition, belief, and contiguity, is added the element of physical brotherhood--that is to say, of race.  Can it be that herein is a partial explanation of the social individuality of the Jewish people?  Race, as we constantly maintain despite the abuses of the word, really is to be measured only by physical characteristics. [The question is answered at the end of the chapter.]

“Not Russia, then, but southwestern Russia alone, is deeply concerned over the actual presence of this alien population.  And it is the Jewish element in this small section of the country which constitutes such an industrial and social menace to the neighboring empires of Germany and Austria.  In the latter country the Jews seem to be increasing in numbers almost four times as rapidly as the native population....Wherever the bars [to Jewish immigration] are lowered, there does this migratory human element at once expand.

“...[A]lways and everywhere, the Israelites constitute pre-eminently the town populations.  They are not widely disseminated among the agricultural districts, but congregate in the commercial centers.  It is an unalterable characteristic of this peculiar people.  The Jew betrays an inherent dislike for violent manual or outdoor labor, as for physical exercise or exertion in any form. He prefers to live by brain, not brawn.

“The result is that in many parts of Poland the Jews form an actual majority of the population in the towns.  This is the danger for Germany also. Thus it is Berlin, not Prussia at large, which is threatened with an overload of Jews from the country on the east.  This aggregation in urban centers becomes the more marked as the relative frequency for the whole country lessens.

“[Jews] seem to have been welcomed [in Poland after the Crusades, fleeing from persecution], till the proportions of the movement became so great a to excite alarm.  Its results appear upon our map.  Thus we know that many of the Jews of Poland came to Russia as a troublesome legacy on the division of that kingdom.

“Drunkenness among Jews is very rare. Temperate habits, a frugal diet, with a very moderate use of spirits, render the proportion of Bright's disease and affections of the liver comparatively very small....In conclusion, it may be said that these people are prone to nervous and mental disorders; insanity, in fact, is fearfully prevalent among them.  Lombroso asserts it to be four times as frequent among Italian Jews as among Christians.  This may possibly be a result of close inbreeding in a country like Italy, where the Jewish communities are small.  It does not, however, seem to lead to suicide...probably for the ...greater force of religion and other steadying moral factors.

“The boasted purity of descent of the Jews is, then, a myth.

“A feature of my own observation, perhaps not fully justified, is a peculiar separation of the teeth, which seem to stand well apart from one another.

“Enough for us to know that there is something Jewish in these faces which we instantly detect. Not invariable are these traits.  Not even to the Jew himself are they always a sure criterion.

“It may indeed be affirmed with certainty that the Jews are by hereditary descent from early times no purer than most of their European neighbors.

“Both Jews and Basques possessed in a high degree a "consciousness of kind"; they were keenly sensible of their social individuality.  That of the Jews was derived from the circumstances of social isolation, dependent upon the dictates of religion. We have a potent selective force at work.  So far as in their power lay, the individuality of all these people [Basques, Jews, and Armenians] was encouraged and perpetuated as one of their dearest possessions.  It affected every detail of their lives. Why should it not also...determine their choice in marriage? Its results became thus accentuated through heredity.

“[There follows discussion of a Jewish facial type. Carleton Coon in 1939 asserted that there was indeed a generally recognized conventional facial expression, but that it was a cultural trait among European Jews.]

“The Jews are not a race, but only a people, after all. In their faces we read its confirmation: while in respect of their other traits we are convinced that such individuality as they possess--by no means inconsiderable--is of their own making from one generation to the next, rather than a product of an unprecedented purity of physical descent.”

Alphonse Jacques Lévy (1/8, 1843-2/2, 1918), sometimes called Said, is a French Jew painter and illustrator who illustrated Jewish life in Alsace and Algeria.  His Art:

  “Shofar” (by Alphonse Lévy ~1865) Caption says: "To a good year"/ A shofar is a horn, traditionally that of a ram, used for Jewish religious purposes.  Shofar-blowing is incorporated in synagogue services on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.  Shofar come in a variety of sizes.  The shofar is mentioned frequently in the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud and rabbinic literature.  The blast of a shofar emanating from the thick cloud on Mount Sinai made the Israelites tremble in awe (Exodus 19:16).

Hasidic Jews believe the ram's horn is sounded on Rosh Hashanah for Satan, and a goat was (is) sacrificed on Yom Kippur for Satan.  From the Zohar, the bible of the Kabbalah: "He (Satan) constantly stands above, recounting the sins of human beings and accusing them for their deeds, so that they will be delivered into his power, as he did with Job. Similarly, he stands over Israel, accusing, recounting the sins in everything they have done. At those times when the blessed Holy One stands over them in judgement, he rises to accuse them and recount their sins (On Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur). But the blessed Holy One feels compassion for Israel and has advised them to save themselves from him. How? With a shofar on Rosh Hashanah (The shofar (ram's horn) is intended to confound Satan and interfere with his accusations), and on Yom Kippor with a goat, given to him so that he will disengage from them and occupy himself with that portion of his, as they have established (the goat of Yom Kippur is intended to preoccupy Satan: "They gave him a bribe on Yom Kippur so that he would not nullify Israel's sacrifice to God.)" - Zohar 1:190a

 1897  Passover  (1903)Rabbi and Student  “Checking the Lulav” is a closed frond of the date palm tree.  It is one of the Four Species used during the Jewish holiday of Sukkot to be bound together.  The other Species are the (myrtle), (willow), and (citron).  Each is said to kabbalistically represent an aspect of the user's body; the lulav represents the spine, the myrtle the eyes, the willow the lips, and the citron represents the heart.

 In the Sukkah (booth) is a temporary hut for use during the week-long Jewish festival of Sukkot.  It is topped with branches and often well decorated with autumnal, harvest or Judaic themes.  The Book of (Leviticus) describes it as a symbolic wilderness shelter, after the Exodus.  It is common for Jews to eat, sleep and otherwise spend time in the sukkah.  In Judaism, Sukkot is considered a joyous occasion and is referred to in Hebrew as Yom Simchateinu (the day of our rejoicing), but the sukkah itself symbolizes the frailty and transience of life and its dependence on God.

 "The Rabbi’s Consultation"(with hen?)(1877)  “Passover Fish”

 Sabbath Promenade  Cooking Matzoth

 Rabbi Searching for Chametz.  Chametz are leavened foods that are forbidden on Passover.  Jews may not own, eat or benefit from chametz during Passover.  This law appears several times in the Torah; the punishment for eating chametz on Passover is the divine punishment of kareth ("spiritual excision"), one of the severest levels of punishment in Judaism.  Chametz is a product that is both made from one of five types of grain, and has been combined with water and left to stand raw for longer than eighteen minutes.  Even today, 2012, The Government of Israel puts its reserves on deposit so as not to own it.  Since 1997, the Rabbinate has sold its chametz to Mr. Jaaber Hussein, a hotel manager residing in Abu Ghosh, who puts down a deposit of 20,000 shekels for chametz worth an estimated 150 million dollars.  (Foolish Legalism!)
****Jewish Legalism: Then he asked them, "If one of you has a son or an ox that falls into a well on the Sabbath day, will you not immediately pull him out?" Luke 14:5 NIV  The Talmud has numerous laws such as the Chametz story above.  Even slightly observant religious Jews follow these rules.  In Israel they are proscribed.  The Talmud includes what the Jews believe to be the oral word of Moses, 1)with early commentary, 2) secondary commentary, and tertiary commentary.  For every developed religious rule to follow, there are acceptable ways of breaking these rules.  Another example: Thou shalt honor the Sabbath. Then 1)honoring is not working; 2)working is not traveling; 3)traveling no more than a mile from home.  Breaking that rule is before Sabbath, the observant Jew drops a handkerchief(his home) every mile he intends to travel on the Sabbath.  Then he is no further than a mile from home.

A long time ago, a student asked: “how far can I walk during the Sabbath, without the walk becoming forbidden work?” The rabbi answered: “As far as the length of a string.” Another student added: “How long can the string be?” “It must be a continuous string,” was the evasive answer. After many questions and answers, modern neighboring ultraorthodox communities in Israel (and NY) are attached by strings running along the highways, so that the Jews can walk among the communities.

According to rabbis, turning electricity on or off is work, and thus prohibited.  Pre-set timers (called “Shabbat clocks”) are attached to all electric appliances, turning them on and off at the desired moment during the Sabbath.  

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Jew Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) was a leading member of the Social Democratic Party and the main proponent of the “revisionist” strain of Marxism.  In 1899, he published the book The Prerequisites for Socialism and the Tasks of Social Democracy, in which he opposed Marx’s claim that class conflict and the collapse of capitalism were inevitable.  He argued instead that Social Democrats needed to revise their revolutionary ideology and move peacefully towards a socialist welfare state within a parliamentary democratic system.  He argued that Social Democrats needed to revise their revolutionary ideology and move peacefully towards a socialist welfare state within a parliamentary democratic system. (This is like the British Fabians.)

 Geographic Distribution of Liberal and Orthodox Jews - This map shows the approximate distribution of orthodox and liberal Jews in the German Empire [Reich]; it also shows large territories where neither group predominated. In the eastern territory around Posen, Polish Jews (who had often migrated from lands further east) increased the relative proportion of Orthodox Jews, who were also strongly represented in Alsace and Lorraine, the territories in the southwest (including Strasbourg) that were annexed by the Empire after France’s defeat in 1871. 

Jew peddlers in Europe and US: (see Jew Business Practices, 1927, and elsewhere)

 selling sheepskin coats peddlers in Pennsylvania 1886bagelschair repair Rags in NYC

 Bernarr Macfadden (8/16, 1868 – 10/12, 1955) was an influential proponent of physical culture, a combination of bodybuilding with nutritional and health theories.  He was the predecessor of Charles Atlas and Jack Lalanne, and has been credited with beginning the culture of health and fitness in the United States.  Macfadden founded Physical Culture magazine in 1899, and was editor up to the August 1912 issue.  Aided by long-time Supervising Editor Fulton Oursler, Macfadden eventually grew a publishing empire, including Liberty, True Detective, True Story, True Romances, Dream World, Ghost Stories, the once-familiar movie magazine Photoplay, and the tabloid newspaper, The New York Graphic.  Macfadden's magazines included SPORT, a preeminent sports magazine prior to Time, Inc.'s Sports Illustrated.  “Eugenics is a big and splendid program, and there is no doubt that the large and growing host of physical culturists throughout the world will do more than any other force toward bringing about this great result.” (1912)  McFadden was an anti-war isolationist and did not shrink from hiring pro-German writers for his magazines.

  1900 Austrian "Der Scherer" - wealthy Jewish family with Gentiles as their engine.

 Austria, "Der Scherer" ~1900 Jew eating Gentiles

 Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (8/16, 1832 – 8/31, 1920) was a German physician, psychologist, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology.  As a matter of fact, Wundt, who noted psychology as a science apart from biology and philosophy, was the first person to ever call himself a Psychologist.  He is widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology".   By creating this laboratory he was able to explore the nature of religious beliefs, identify mental disorders and abnormal behavior, and find damaged parts of the brain.  Parts of Wundt's system were developed and championed by his one-time student, Titchener, who described his system as Structuralism.  Wundt believed that scientific psychology should focus on consciousness (as opposed to Judaic unconsciousness) and therefore centralizes on structuralism.

 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (3/27, 1845 – 2/10, 1923) was a German physicist, who, in 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.  In honor of his accomplishments, IUPAC named element 111, Roentgenium, a very radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him.

 Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (12/11, 1843 – 5/27, 1910) was a German physician who isolated the Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and Vibrio cholerae (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates.   He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his tuberculosis findings.  He is considered one of the founders of microbiology, inspiring such major figures as Paul Ehrlich and Gerhard Domagk.

 Wilhelm Windelband (5/11, 1848 – 10/22, 1915) was a German philosopher of the Baden School.  Windelband is now mainly remembered for the terms nomothetic and idiographic, which he introduced.  Windelband's disciples were not only noted philosophers, but sociologists like Max Weber and theologians like Ernst Troeltsch and Albert Schweitzer.

Fritz von Uhde (born Friedrich Hermann Carl Uhde, 5/22, 1848–2/25, 1911) was a German painter of genre and religious subjects.  His style lay between Realism and Impressionism.  Uhde's inclination was from the first directed towards religious subjects. He revived the practice of treating Biblical episodes realistically by transferring them to modern days.  Thus in the “Come, Lord Jesus, be our Guest,” Christ appears among the peasant family assembled for their meal and in “The Sermon on the Mount” Christ addresses a crowd of harvesters.  

      

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