1866-1889

(My original has many pictures and illustrations.  Please excuse this installment until I am able to complete it.)

1866         1866         1866         1866

 Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu (name in 1857, birth name Tadeu Hasdeu; 2/26, 1838 – 8/25, 1907) was a Romanian writer and philologist, who pioneered many branches of Romanian philology and history.  Hasdeu is considered to have been able to understand 26 languages.  “Thus, two ways of Jewish behavior toward us are specified in the Talmud: "If you are stronger than Christians, exterminate them." "If you are weaker than Christians, flatter them..."  "But someone weaker than I, in order to become some day stronger than I, has first to pass through a middle stage in which he is equal to me."  "Do you now understand, I wonder, what it means to grant so-called political rights to the Jews?" (Studies in Judaism. The Talmud as a Profession of Faith of the Israelite People,1866?)

Constantin Cholewa von Pawlikowski (ritter) was a German scholar and Author of “The Talmud in Theory and Practice: a study of the ritual murder question” in 1866.  He listed 73 “human sacrifices” between 169 bc and 1860.

Leo Herzberg-Frankel (9/19, 1827-6/5 1915) His “Polish Jews” 1866 described the squalor and treachery, combined with an uncanny mystical power, of the East European ghetto Jews.

1866 The Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks' War was a war fought in 1866 between the German Confederation under the leadership of the Austrian Empire and its German allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia with its German allies and Italy on the other, which resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states.  In the Italian unification process, this is called the Third Independence War.  It saw the abolition of the German Confederation and its partial replacement by a North German Confederation that excluded Austria and the South German states. The war also resulted in the Italian annexation of the Austrian province of Venetia.

  Jewish Synagogue, Berlin (c. 1885) (9/21, 1866), Bismarck and other Berlin notables attended the dedication of the new Jewish synagogue on Oranienburger Strasse.  It had a huge gilded dome, crowned with a Star of David.  Between 1864 and 1874, the Jewish population of Berlin almost doubled, from 24,000 to 45,000. Yet to Berliners and other Germans who resented the Jews’ new-found economic and cultural influence, their alien, “Oriental” character was reflected in the synagogue’s quasi-Moorish architecture, which was intended to evoke the Golden Age of Jewish life in Islamic Spain.  Late nineteenth-century historians such as Heinrich von Treitschke and Werner Sombart recognized the strongly urban nature of German Judaism, but they were also among the many Germans who argued that the Jews would always remain true to their nomadic, “Asiatic” origins.  Thus, Treitschke’s famous polemic of November 1879, “The Jews are our misfortune,” was preceded by negative comments about Jewish youths crossing the Oder River from Poland, or places further east, to peddle trousers in the streets of Berlin.  Treitschke: “when one considers the characteristic fact that the most beautiful and magnificent house of worship in the German capital is a synagogue – which, naturally, is not a reproach directed to the Jews but the Christians – then one cannot deny that the Jews in Germany are more powerful than they are in any other country in Western Europe.” (Cited in Paul Mendes-Flohr, “The Berlin Jew as Cosmopolitan,” in Berlin Metropolis: Jews and the New Culture, 1890-1918, edited by Emily D. Bilski. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999, pp. 14-31, here pp. 16, 31.)

 The North German Confederation was a federation of 22 independent states of northern Germany, with nearly 30 million inhabitants.  It was the first German modern nation state and the basis for the later German Empire (1870/1871), when several south German states such as Bavaria joined.  According to modern scholars the Confederation and the Empire are identical as a state, although technically the Empire was a new foundation.  After several unsuccessful proposals from several sides, to reform the German Confederation (founded in 1815), the North German major power Prussia left the German Confederation with some allies.  It came to war between those states on one hand and states such as Austria on the other.  After a quick decision in that Austro-Prussian War of July 1866, Prussia and its allies founded the North German Federation.  First it was a military alliance between independent states (August-Bündnis), but already with the intention to form later a federation or confederation with a constitution.  This was realized in 1867.  The North German Confederation is historically important for the economic and judicial unification of Germany, many of its laws were taken over by the German Empire.

North German Confederation (1867–1871): Count Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) 7/1 1867-4/16 1871.  German Empire (1871–1918): Prince Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) 3/21 1871-3/20 1890; Count Leo von Caprivi (1831-1899) 3/20 1890-10/26 1894; Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1819-1901) 10/29 1894-10/17 1900; Prince Bernhard von Bülow (1849-1929) 10/17 1900-7/14 1909; Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg (1856-1921) 7/14 1909-7/13 1917; Georg Michaelis (1857-1936) 7/14 1917-11/1 1917; Count Georg von Hertling (1843-1919) 11/1 1917-9/30 1918; Prince Maximilian of Baden (1867-1929) 10/3 1918-11/9 1918; Friedrich Ebert (1871-1925) 11/9 1918-2/11 1919.

 1866 Assassination attempt on  Alexander II Nikolaevich (4/29, 1818– 3/13, 1881), also known as Alexander the Liberator was the Emperor, or Czar, of the Russian Empire from March 3, 1855 until his assassination in 1881. He was also the Grand Duke of Finland and the King of Poland.  Tsar Alexander of Russia puts restrictions on Jews and forbids them from holding government positions.  (He did this because they were plotting to depose the Tsar.)  The Jews carry out their first assassination attempt against the Tsar.

For the most part, among the educated and liberal classes of late Imperial Russia (as elsewhere in Europe), it was considered nekul'turno (gauche) to espouse views that were overtly anti-Semitic-although that did not stop such leading Russian Authors as A. Pushkin, N. Gogol, I. Aksakov, M. Bakunin, F. Dostoevsky, and even A. Chekhov.  Gogol's "Taras Bul'ba," Bakunin's "Polémique contre les Juifs," Dostoevsky's "Diary of a Writer," and Aksakov's "The Jewish Question, 1860-1886" are explicitly anti-Semitic.  For them Jews were the antithesis of Christian virtues and spirituality; they were "Yankels"-ridiculous as "plucked chickens" and odious as merciless exploiters of the peasantry.  Aksakov argued "the hateful idea of capital never found a better incarnation than in Jewry."  Pushkin's "The Miserly Knight" and Chekhov's "Rothschild's Fiddle" were more subtle and light-hearted, but hardly flattering.  Indeed, Chekhov concluded, "the Jews are alien to, and cannot understand the soul, the form, the humor that are at the core of, Russian life."

1867         1867         1867         1867

Joseph L. Lord (1799-1869) was a Boston lawyer and a Unitarian. He wrote several books on the arrival of the heir of King David, a Jew who will rule over the earth.  The Friend is a Quaker Journal (est. before 1830) and is still being published.  In the Feb 1867 edition, extracts were published of Lord's: The Present Shame and Future Glory of the House of Israel: "There is scarcely a Political journal in Europe that is not more or less, under Jewish influence or control. [...] But the 'hiding of the power' of the Jews is Finance—is enthroned in their vaults of silver and gold. [...] Jewish influence has reigned in Parliament these many years; for Jews make money, and money makes members of Parliament. The Jews govern the money market, and the money market governs the world. [...] There are individual Jews, however, whose financial power is more vast than that of any government. There lives in London a Jew, a plain man, in manners as simple as a child, whose scrawl on the back of a piece of paper, an insignificant bit of beaten rag, is worth more than the royal word of kings, or the plighted faith of republics; who, bent ever upon the errands of his tribe, has loaned to the various European States, within the last twelve years, more than five hundred and seventy millions of dollars, and could afford to pay the debt of any one of them any morning that the whim might seize him. It is related of Rothschild, that being asked, 'why he did not avail himself of existing political complications to secure to his own people the Holy Land,' he unconcernedly replied: 'It is ours already.' The Holy Land is, virtually, under mortgage to Jewish bankers—a mortgage which no Gentile power, or combination of Gentile powers, dares to meddle with. [...] The Jewish nation has been thus wonderfully upheld and preserved, amid the mutations that have befallen other nations, and caused their downfall and extinction, for some special purpose in the counsels of the Divine Providence, and that an extraordinary and lofty purpose."

Georges Duchene was a French writer.  An anti-Jewish socialist, his influential book “Studies of Financial Feudalism” (1867)was one of the first to make the always-intriguing point that history has turned full circle, and that there is today a new feudalism - that of the several baronies of high finance.  The vassals might be said to be the "wage and interest slaves" who are kept chained in the mill by specious propaganda to the effect that they are 'free' and living in the best of all possible worlds, and by being herded to vote in meaningless elections.  The new nobility, Duchene suggested, is the small sector of powerful Jewish families and their Gentile millionaire henchmen.

Maxime Du Camp (2/8, 1822 – 2/9, 1894) was a French writer and photographer.  In 1867 wrote concerning the dark ways of the Jews: "The Jews are to be feared, not for their desperate deeds, for they rarely commit murder, but for their tenacity and persistency in evil; for the inviolable secrecy they keep among themselves; for the wonderful patience they display, and the facility with which they conceal themselves among their co-religionists.”

 The de Goncourt brothers were Edmond (1822–96) and Jules (1830–70), both French naturalism writers who as collaborative sibling authors, were inseparable in life.  Goncourt brothers’ 1867 novel Manette Salomon chronicles the destruction of an artist at the hands of the Jewish model who becomes his mistress and wife.

 1867 The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, also simply styled the Grange, is a fraternal organization for American farmers that encourages farm families to band together for their common economic and political well-being.  It had in its peak in the 1890s through the 1950s.  In addition to serving as a center for many farming communities, the Grange was an effective advocacy group for farmers and their agendas, including fighting railroad monopolies and advocating rural mail deliveries.  Indeed, the word "grange" itself comes from a Latin word for grain, and is related to a "granary" or, generically, a farm.  The motto of the Grange is: "In essentials, unity; in non-essentials, liberty; in all things, charity."  In 2005, the Grange had a membership of 300,000, with organizations in 3,600 communities in 37 states.  Many rural communities in the United States still have a Grange Hall.

"The Vengeance of a Jew" (1867) by Charles Guenot (Henri de Beugnon Bossuat) was a French priest and novelist.  The work focused on the nefarious nature of Judaism, particularly Jewish cruelties and Jewish responsibility for the murder of Christ. 

 Paul Anton de Lagarde 1827-1891, was a German biblical scholar and orientalist.  He understood the destructive Semitic elements of the Bible and argued that Germany should create a national form of Christianity purges of these elements.  This was the later Positive Christianity of Adolf Hitler.  The Germans, he believed, were too soft for the Jews to be allowed to live together with them: "Every Jew is proof of the enfeeblement of our national life and of the worthlessness of what we call the Christian religion."   Lagarde, in another essay, was to write of Jews as vermin: “One would need a heart as hard as crocodile hide not to feel sorry for the poor exploited Germans and-which is identical-not to hate the Jews and despise those who-out of humanity! -defend these Jews or who are too cowardly to trample this usurious vermin to death.  With trichinae and bacilli one does not negotiate, nor are trichinae and bacilli to be educated; they are exterminated as quickly and thoroughly as possible.”

1868 St. Petersburg Declaration: Prohibition of shells under 14 oz, which would increase suffering.

****Germans in Palestine:

While the Jews were doing their Talmudic damage in Germany, evangelical-minded German Christians came to Palestine to raise the standards of conditions and to evangelize the Jewish and Muslim natives.

 Orphanage 1913.

1868 - The German Colony was established in Haifa in 1868 by German Christians named Templers.  It was the first of several colonies established by the group in the Holy Land.  Others were founded in Sarona near Jaffa, Galilee and Jerusalem.   There were many Christian Arabs living in Palestine.   What a difference history would have been if Palestine had become even more strongly Christian!

The Templers, a religious Protestant sect formed in southern Germany in the 19th century, settled in Palestine in the belief that living in the Holy Land would hasten the second coming of Christ.  The Templers built a colony in keeping with strict urban planning principles and introduced local industries that brought modernity to Palestine, which had long been neglected by the Ottomans.  They were the first to organize regular transportation services between Jaffa, Acre and Nazareth, which also allowed for mail delivery. 

The population fluctuated between 300-400 settlers between 1870 and 1914.  Due to their population increase and the on-going urbanization of Haifa, the colonists searched to buy lands in order to found new settlements.  These were to be exclusively monodenominational.  Thus the Templers settled in Bethlehem of Galilee and the Evangelical Protestants founded the neighboring Waldheim.  Employing modern farming methods, the Templers introduced soil fertilization, better methods of crop rotation and new crops such as potatoes.  They imported agricultural machinery and engaged in "mixed farming," combining dairy farming and field crops.  Registering the land was problematic due to back taxes and local boundary disputes, which sometimes turned violent.  The Templers thus abandoned farming in favor of industry and tourism. They built hotels, opened workshops and established an olive oil soap factory.

When in World War I General Allenby conquered Palestine from the Ottomans, the German colonists were regarded as enemy aliens.  Many of the colonists were recruited for the units of the German Imperial Army, which fought together with the army of the Ottoman ally against the British conquest.  In 1937, 34% of the Templers were card-carrying members of the Nazi party.  On Coronation Day in 1937, all the Templer colonies flew the swastika flag.  At the start of World War II colonists with German citizenship were rounded up by the British and sent, together with Italian and Hungarian enemy aliens, to internment camps in Waldheim and Bethlehem of Galilee.  661 Templers were deported to Australia.  Some of the old Templer homes have been restored in recent years.  Buildings along Ben Gurion Boulevard have been turned into cafes, boutiques and restaurants, and the colony has become a center of Haifa nightlife. 

Early German Missionary Enterprise: 1820-1914: Prussian missionary activity in Palestine began in the 1830s.  Most of it was conducted by the Protestant churches, in partial cooperation with British bodies.

The regional developments are exemplified by the foundation of settlements, schools, hospices, training centers, hospitals and orphanages, trade connections, agricultural methods, tools and techniques.  According to Kark it found expression in the spheres of infrastructure including: transportation (wheelbarrow, carriages), communication (telegraph, telephone), crafts and industry, land purchase, building and architecture, the introduction of modern technology and agricultural settlement, training, and the introduction of new agricultural methods, species, tools and machinery.  Impacts in the social and cultural arena were expressed in the spheres of youth education, adult education, women and women’s education, language, press and printing, culture, health, welfare, food and dress.

“Palestine should not be acquired through the loud clinking of weapons, but with the quiet ways of Christian love, with the eyes of the researcher and the fruits of peaceful work... Through teaching and helping, serving and suffering, they wanted to bring the Holy Land and its inhabitants under the flag of Christ.”-1936

1868   Benjamin Disraeli becomes the first Jewish prime minister of Britain.

 Frank Reade was the protagonist of a series of dime novels published primarily for boys began in 1868.  The four Frank Reade stories concerned adventures with the character's inventions, various robot-like mechanisms powered by steam.  A very long series of juvenile novels followed which featured the son of Frank Reade, Frank Reade Jr., as its teenaged inventor-hero. These stories were written by Luis P. Senarens (1865–1939) with the pseudonym "Noname".  Extremely popular during their time, they were often reprinted.  Frank Reade Jr. inventions included airships of the dirigible-balloon and helicopter type, submersibles, steam-driven and electrical land vehicles, and steam-powered robots.  The Frank Reade stories are perhaps the best known of the many boys' invention fiction series published in America during the later 19th century and until 1937.  Luis Philip Senarens (1863–1939) was an American dime novel writer specializing in science fiction, once called "the American Jules Verne".  He grew up in a Cuban-American family in Brooklyn.  He would eventually write more than 300 dime novels.  Senarens also wrote under 27 pseudonyms, writing an estimated 500 novels in his lifetime.

Gioachino Antonio Rossini (2/29 1792 – 11/13 1868) was an Italian composer who wrote 39 operas as well as sacred music, chamber music, songs, and some instrumental and piano pieces.  He condemned the debasing of musical taste, as he described it, by the Jewish opera mass producer, Giacomo Meyerbeer (alias Jakob Beer), whom he had earlier introduced to the French musical public.  Meyerbeer's smashing commercial success drove Rossini from the field and into premature retirement.  The Italian scorned the unvocal quality of this "modern music" and looked for a return to better things "when the Jews have finished their sabbath." (R. Gutman, Richard Wagner)

**Spanish Concentration Camps - The Ten Years' War (1868–1878), also known as the Great War, began on October 10, 1868 when sugar mill owner Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and his followers proclaimed Cuba's independence from Spain.  It was the first of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Little War (1879–1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898).  The final three months of the last conflict escalated to become the Spanish–American War.  After failing to reach an agreement with the insurrection forces in early 1869, the Spanish responded by unleashing a war of extermination.  The colonial government passed several laws: all arrested leaders and collaborators would be executed on the spot, ships carrying weapons would be seized and all onboard immediately executed, males 15 and older caught outside of their plantations or places of residence without justification would be summarily executed, all towns were ordered to raise the white flag, otherwise burnt to the ground, any woman caught away from her farm or place of residence would be concentrated in cities.  In another incident, the so-called "Creciente de Valmaseda", farmers (Guajiros), and the families of Mambises were killed or captured en masse and sent to “Concentration Camps”.

 Sir John Retcliffe (Herrmann Ottomar Friedrich Goedsche) (2/12, 1815 – 11/8, 1878) was a German writer.  Goedsche worked in the genre of historical romance novel, as typified by Walter Scott, Charles Sealsfield and Theodor Mügge, but he was also influenced by authors like Eugène Sue, Alexandre Dumas, père and George Hesekiel.  Some of his works are critical of British colonialism.  He was openly antisemitic and, although adopting an English pseudonym, he was a dyed-in-the-wool Prussian chauvinist who held a profound aversion against England and everything British.  His political view towards the "perfidious Albion" is clearly expressed in his novels.

In his 1868 book Biarritz, Goedsche wrote a chapter "At the Jewish Cemetery in Prague" described a secret rabbinical cabal, Council of Representatives of The Twelve Tribes of Israel which meets in the cemetery at midnight for one of their annual meetings.  They report on the progress of their long-term conspiracy to establish world domination.  Among the methods to achieve this goal is the acquisition of landed property, the transformation of craftsmen in industrial workers, the infiltration into high public offices, the control of the press etc.  The chairman Levit expresses at the end of the meeting the desire to be the kings of the world in 100 years.  This fictional "Rabbi's Speech" was frequently quoted later as an authentic episode and invoked as a proof of the authenticity of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.  In Nazi Germany the chapter was re-printed independently in many editions.  [Was this fictional?  It is similar to earlier proven statements by Jewish leaders.] In 1920 (No. 195) La Vieille France published: There is a striking analogy between the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion and the discourse of the Rabbi Reichhorn, pronounced in Prague in 1869 over the tomb of the Grand Rabbi Simeon-ben-Ihuda, and published by Readcliffe, who paid with his life for the divulgation.

 Philipp Jaffé (2/17, 1819 – 4/3, 1870) was a German Jew historian and philologist. In 1868 he became a Christian. During the last year of his life he suffered from delirium persecutionis.  He wrote German and ecclestiastical history.  He committed suicide (because of other Jews’ treatment of him?).

1869         1869         1869         1869

 Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877) following his dominant role in the second half of the Civil War.  As president he led the Radical Republicans in their effort to eliminate all vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery.

1869   Jewish banker Jay Gould attempts to corner the American gold market.

"I know in expressing with this frankness my ultimate opinion of the Jews, I expose myself to enormous danger.  Many people share it, but very few dare to express it publicly, for the Jewish sect...constitutes today a veritable power in Europe.  It reigns despotically in commerce, in the banks, and it has invaded three-quarters of German journalism, and a very considerable portion of the journalism of other countries.  Woe, then, to him who has the clumsiness to displease it!" (Study of the German Jews 1869)

1869 - Roger Gougenot of Mousseaux, (4/22, 1805-22/5, 1876), was a French journalist and polemicist.  As a Catholic Ultramontane, he wrote several books devoted to the history of magic and the esoteric and the denunciation of secret societies and freemasonry.  (The Jew, Judaism and Judaizing of Christian, 1869) “The modern cult called Judaism (more properly called Pharisaism) has two esoteric movements within the movement.  One is Talmudism; the other is Cabalism; the former is anti-Christ while the other is pro-Lucifer (a fine distinction but an important one.)”

 ****The Kahal - 1869 Jacob Brafmann, Jewish convert to Christianity publishes a Russian book on “The Kahal”, Jewish leadership which previews Communism.  An executive board chosen to run an autonomous Jewish community existed before 70 ad, it was officially granted protection by Polish rulers in the 13^th century.  This structure was further clarified for gentile readers by Henry Ford in the Dearborn Independent.  It actuality, it becomes like organized crime in assigning different Jewish families certain Gentile territories or over certain rackets.  Thus one Jew can engineer gentile business or home fatalities without interference (or competition) from other Jews.  In fact, they help each other to the detriment of the Gentiles.  Jews help other Jews advance and restrict gentiles, which forms Jewish monopolies.  It gets harder and harder for a gentile to gain or keep a foothold in any privileged occupation.  At the age of thirty-four Jacom Brafmann, a Rabbi in Minsk, Russia converted to Christianity.  In 1858 he urged the Tsar to take steps to overcome the tremendous obstacles Jews interposed on any Jew who declared they wanted to become a Christian.  He was directed to write a report on the Jewish question.  "In the last years," he says in the "Wilenski Vyestnik" (1866, No. 149), "there is among the Jews of Minsk a great religious movement favorable to Christianity."  He wrote two books, “The Jewish Brotherhoods” (1868), and “The Book of the Kahal” (Kehilla) (1869) where he told of the Jewish Kahals, (community councils) where the Jews would sell Khazakas and meropies.  A Jew who purchased a Khazakas gained the right to acquire specified property belonging to a particular goim, such as a house, by any means whatsoever.  A meopie granted rights to lend money and do business with a specific goim and to gain possession of his property.

"Wars are the Jews harvest, for with them we wipe out the Christians and get control of their gold.  We have already killed 100 million of them, and the end is not yet." (Chief Rabbi in France, in 1859, Rabbi Reichorn).

"We shall drive the Christians into war by exploiting their national vanity and stupidity.  They will then massacre each other, thus giving room for our own people." (Rabbi Reichorn, in Le Contemporain, July 1st, 1880)

Rabbi Reichhorn in Prague speaks in similar language to the infamous Protocols:

"Funeral Oration" ["(In its issue of October 21, 1920 (No. 195) La Vieille France published an extremely important Russian document in which the following passage occurs: 'There is a striking analogy between the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion and the discourse of the Rabbi Reichhorn, pronounced in Prague in 1869 over the tomb of the Grand Rabbi Simeon-ben-Ihuda, and published by Readcliffe, who paid with his life for the divulgation. Sonol, who had taken Readcliffe to hear Reichhorn, was killed in a duel some time afterwards. The general ideas formulated by the Rabbi are found fully developed in the Protocols,' (which were published about 35 years later).

"In its issue of March 10, 1921, (No. 214) La Vieille France gives the version of this funeral oration which was published in La Russie Juive.  It is perfectly clear that the funeral oration and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion come from one and the same mint.  Both are prophetic; and the power which made the prophecies has been able to bring about their fulfillment.  There can no longer be any doubt as to whose is the power which is disturbing the world, creating World Unrest, and at the same time reaping all of the profits.  Jewry is enslaving all Christian peoples of the earth. There IS a Jew World Plot and it now stands finally and completely unmasked).]

"1. Every hundred years, We, the Sages of Israel, have been accustomed to meet in Sanhedrin in order to examine our progress towards the domination of the world which Jehovah has promised us, and our conquests over the enemy, Christianity.

"2. This year, united over the tomb of our reverend Simeonben-Ihuda, we can state with pride that the past century has brought us very near to our goal, and that this goal will be very soon attained."

"3. Gold always has been and always will be the irresistible power.  Handled by expert hands it will always be the most useful lever for those who possess it, and the object of envy for those who do not.  With gold we can buy the most rebellious consciences, can fix the rate of all values, the current prices of all products, can subsidize all State loans, and thereafter hold the states at our mercy."

"4. Already the principal banks, the exchanges of the entire world, the credits of all governments, are in our hands."

"5. The other great power is THE PRESS.  By repeating without cessation certain ideas, the Press succeeds in the end in having them accepted as actualities.  The Theatre renders us analogous services.  Everywhere the Press and the Theatre obey our orders."

"6. By the ceaseless praise of DEMOCRATIC RULE we shall divide the Christians into political parties, we shall destroy the unity of their nations, we shall sow discord everywhere.  Reduced to impotence, they will bow before the LAW of OUR BANK, always united, and always devoted to our Cause."

"7. We shall force the Christians into wars by exploiting their pride and their stupidity.  They will massacre each other, and clear the ground for us to put our people into."

"8. The possession of the land has always brought influence and power.  In the name of social Justice and Equality we shall parcel out the great estates; we shall give the fragments to the peasants who covet them with all their powers, and who will soon be in debt to us by the expense of cultivating them."  Our capital will make us their masters.  We in our turn shall become the great proprietors, and the possession of the land will assure the power to us."

"9. Let us try to replace the circulation of gold with paper money; our chests will absorb the gold, and we shall regulate the value of the paper which will make us masters of all the positions."

"10. We count among us plenty of orators capable of feigning enthusiasm and of persuading mobs.  We shall spread them among the people to announce changes which should secure the happiness of the human race.  By gold and by flattery we shall gain the proletariat which will charge itself with annihilating Christian capitalism. We shall promise workmen salaries of which they have never dared to dream, but we shall also raise the price of necessities so that our profits will be greater still."

"11. In this manner we shall prepare Revolutions which the Christians will make themselves, and of which we shall reap the fruit."

"12. By our mockeries and our attacks upon them we shall make their priests ridiculous then odious, and their religion as ridiculous and as odious as their clergy.  Then we shall be masters of their souls.  For our pious attachment to our own religion, to our own worship, will prove the superiority of our religion and the superiority of our souls."

"13. We have established our own men in all important positions.  We must endeavor to provide the Goyim with lawyers and doctors; the lawyers are au courant with all interests; doctors, once in the house, become confessors and directors of consciences."

"14. But above all let us monopolize Education.  By this means we spread ideas that are useful to us, and shape the children's brains as suits us."

"15. If one of our people should unhappily fall into the hands of justice amongst the Christians, we must rush to help him; find as many witnesses as he needs to save him from his judges, until we become judges ourselves."

"16. The monarchs of the Christian world, swollen with ambition and vanity, surround themselves with luxury and with numerous armies.  We shall furnish them with all the money their folly demands, and so shall keep them in leash."

"17. Let us take care not to hinder the marriage of our men with Christian girls, for through them we shall get our foot into the most closely locked circles.  If our daughters marry Goyim they will be no less useful, for the children of a Jewish mother are ours. Let us foster the idea of free love, that we may destroy among Christian women attachment to the principles and practices of their religion."

"18. For ages past the sons of Israel, despised and persecuted, have been working to open up a path to power.  They are hitting the mark.  They control the economic life of the accursed Christians; their influence preponderates over politics and over manners."

"19. At the wished for hour, fixed in advance, we shall let loose the Revolution, which by ruining all classes of Christianity, will definitely enslave the Christian to US.  Thus will be accomplished the promise of God made to His people."

See Goedsche of 1868

Narcisse Leven (10/15, 1833-1/6, 1915) was a Jew lawyer.  He was one of the original founders of the Alliance israélite universelle (AIU). He was its general secretary from 1863 to 1883, its vice-president from 1883 to 1898, and its president beginning in 1898.  He writes “Fifty Years of History: The Universal Jewish Alliance”.

Costache Negri (5/14 1812-9/28 1876) Romanian writer, politician and patriot.  "Jewry, one seventh of our total population, is the saddest leprosy to which our weakness, our lack of foresight, and our venality condemned us."  (1869)

Catharine Esther Beecher (9/6, 1800 – 5/12, 1878) was an educator known for her forthright opinions on female education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education. She wrote “The American Women’s Home” (1869), with a prominent “The Christian Family” chapter.  She was the sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Sir Francis Galton (2/16, 1822 – 1/17, 1911) cousin of Charles Darwin, was an English Victorian polymath: anthropologist, eugenicist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, psychometrician, and statistician.  He was knighted in 1909.  Galton had a prolific intellect, and produced over 340 papers and books.  He was a pioneer in eugenics, coining the term itself and the phrase "nature versus nurture".  His book “Hereditary Genius” (1869) was the first social scientific attempt to study genius and greatness.  In 1884: “It strikes me that the Jews are specialized for a parasitical existence upon other nations, and that there is need of evidence that they are capable of fulfilling the varied duties of a civilized nation by themselves.”  In fact, Francis Galton and Karl Pearson, two pioneers of modern intelligence research, conceded that Jews were of high intelligence, but at the same time believed that Jews used their superior intelligence to prey on Gentiles.  Galton did, according to Gilman, imply that the Jewish race constituted a lower strain and that Jewish genius was, in reality, craftiness rather than intelligence.

"Illustrations of Composite Portraiture, The Jewish Type," by Francis Galton, The Photographic News (4/17/1885)

Karl Pearson FRS (3/27, 1857 – 4/27, 1936) was an influential English mathematician who has been credited with establishing the discipline of mathematical statistics.  He was a proponent of eugenics, and a protégé and biographer of Sir Francis Galton.  He said that Jewish emigrants into Britain “will develop into a parasitic race”.  Does the new science of Evolution suggest that Jews cannot change, even if they adopted Christianity?

1870         1870         1870         1870

War between France and Prussia, begun by France.  Napoleon III, leader of France, is financed by the Rothschilds.  Over the course of the last couple of centuries, German territories have been at peace the most.  Bismarck was able then to consolidate Germany.  Many social services were initiated by German fairness and then exported to other nations.  Contrary to Western history, the social welfare system was begun by Germany, built on by Hitler, and further built on by modern Germany.  Modern Germany has kept most social and judicial institutions in place since the Nazi movement.

Emancipation of European Jews began in France in 1791.  With emancipation throughout Europe, Jewish values of sexual permissiveness, abortion and anti-family values overwhelm the cities of especially France and Germany.

The Socialist Workers Party was founded by the Jewish socialists, Ferdinand Lassalle and Wilhelm Liebknecht, from an amalgamation of the various left wing parties. (see Lassalle 1848)

The SPW became the Social Democratic Party of Germany which is a social-democratic political party.  The party is one of the two major contemporary political parties, along with the conservative CDU/CSU.  The SPD is a full member party of the Party of European Socialists and the Socialist International.  It is Germany's oldest political party, established in 1875, in the German Parliament.  It was also one of the first Marxist-influenced parties in the world.

Jew Wilhelm Martin Philipp Christian Ludwig Liebknecht (3/29, 1826 – 8/7, 1900) was a German social democrat and one of the principal founders of the SPD.  His political career was a pioneering project combining Marxist revolutionary theory with practical, legal political activity.  Under his leadership, the SPD grew from a tiny sect to become Germany's largest political party.  He was the father of Karl Liebknecht and Theodor Liebknecht.

 Jules Gabriel Verne (2/8, 1828 – 3/24, 1905) was a French author who pioneered the science fiction genre.  He is best known for his novels Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870), A Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), and Around the World in Eighty Days (1873).  Verne wrote about space, air, and underwater travel before air travel and practical submarines were invented, and before practical means of space travel had been devised.  Verne is often referred to as the "Father of Science Fiction".  After death, the Jews started a rumor that his parents were Polish Jews converted to Catholicism.  The image of Verne as an anti-Semite is largely due to the character of Isac Hakhabut from his novel Hector Servadac.  "He was a man of fifty years, who looked sixty.  Small, weakly, with eyes bright and false, a busked nose, a yellowish beard and unkempt hair, large feet, hands long and hooked, he offered the well-known type of the German Jew, recognizable among all.  This was the usurer with supple back-bone, flat-hearted, a clipper of coins and a skin-flint.  Silver should attract such a being as the magnet attracts iron, and if this Shylock was allowed to pay himself from his debtor, he would certainly sell the flesh at retail.  Besides, although a Jew originally, he made himself a Mahometan in Mahometan provinces, when his profit demanded it, and he would have been a pagan to gain more."  (Why is Jules Verne big in Israel, today?  His father was a lawyer, was his mother a Jew?  Was he co-opted?)

11/18, 1870 Thomas Carlyle’s letter to the Times deploring the “cheap pity and newspaper lamentation over fallen and afflicted France” and ending with the fervent hope that “noble, patient, deep, pious and solid Germany should be at length wielded into a nation and become Queen of the Continent.”

1870 Rudolf Haym (10/5 1821 – 8/27 1901) was a German philosopher.  His writings are biographical and critical, devoted mainly to German philosophy and literature.  In 1870 he published a history of the Romantic school.  He also wrote biographies of Wilhelm von Humboldt (1856), Hegel (1857), Schopenhauer (1864), Herder (1877-1885) and Max Duncker (1890).

1870 The creation of the Kingdom of Italy was the result of efforts by Italian nationalists and monarchists loyal to the House of Savoy to establish a united kingdom encompassing the entire Italian Peninsula.  In the context of the 1848 liberal revolutions that swept through Europe, an unsuccessful war was declared on Austria. 

 Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807 – June 2, 1882), Revolutionist, led the Italian republican drive for unification in southern Italy, while the northern Italian monarchy of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia whose government was led by Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour, had the ambition of establishing a united Italian state under its rule.  The kingdom successfully challenged the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence with the help of Napoleon III, liberating the Lombardy-Venetia.  It established Turin as capital of the newly formed state.

 In 1866, Victor Emmanuel II (3/14, 1820 – 1/9, 1878) aligned the Italian kingdom with Prussia during the Austro-Prussian War, waging the Third Italian War of Independence which allowed Italy to annex Venice.  In 1870, as France during the disastrous Franco-Prussian War abandoned its positions in Rome, Italy rushed to fill the power gap by taking over the Papal State from French sovereignty.  Italian unification finally was achieved, and shortly afterwards Italy's capital was moved to Rome.  Whilst keeping the monarchy, the government became a parliamentary system, run by liberals.

Giuseppe Mazzini (6/22, 1805 – 3/10, 1872), the "Soul of Italy," was an Italian patriot, philosopher and politician. His efforts helped bring about the modern Italian state in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, which existed until the 19th century.  He also helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state.  Like others before him and after: Giuseppe Mazzini was an early advocate of a "United States of Europe", and regarded European unification as a logical continuation of the Unification of Italy.

Adolf Lasson (3/12 1832 – 12/20 1917) was a German Jewish philosophical writer, strident Prussianist, and the father of Georg Lasson.  He embraced Christianity in 1853, and changed his family name from the original Lazarussohn to Lasson.  Lasson was influenced by German Idealism and by the writings of the Hegelian theologian David Friedrich Strauss.  He saw the liberty of mind as the first and most certain fact and as a moral duty.  The ideas of Meister Eckart were for him principles for both Christianity and German Idealism.  In 1871, “The more powerful state is the better state, its people are the better people, its culture is a superior culture.  Whoever suffers defeat must acknowledge that he deserved it.  The victor can be sure not that he is good but that he is the better one of the two.”  In 1882, “the decision of war is just.  The victorious people will become the leading, the model people.”

  Charles Grandison Finney (8/29, 1792-8/16, 1875) was a Presbyterian and Congregationalist figure in the Second Great Awakening.  His influence during this period was enough that he has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism.  When he left Freemasonry later in life he came to believe that part of his oath as a Master Mason was immoral and that Masonry was dangerous to civil government, evidenced by the alleged murder of William Morgan.  Finney wrote extensively about Freemasonry, becoming a staunch opponent. There are over two hundred letters related to Masonry in his personal papers, and he published several articles on Freemasonry that were republished in 1869 as The Character, Claims, and Practical Workings of Freemasonry.

 Interior View of the New Hanover Synagogue (n.d.) Designed in 1870 by Edwin Oppler, the Hannover Synagogue was part Rhenish Romantic cathedral and part Parisian neo-Romanesque church.

 1869-70 First Vatican Council, 20th Catholic Council -Pope Pius IX on December 8, 1869 reaffirming the course of Trent.  On July 18, 1870 the Council affirmed the dogma of infallibility of the Sovereign Pontiff while under Ex Cathedra.

 **** Jew Professionals  - There has always been a question about why Jews seem to be at the top when it comes to Nobel Laureates, Doctors, Chemists, Scientists, etc.  We constantly hear about how a people that constitute only 0.2% of the World's Population have a high percentage in positions of wealth and power.  It is all about MONEY and relationship.  Jews concentrate wealth, usually obtained by devious means and cunning, and give preference to others within their own tribe.  When it comes to higher education for example, they automatically give preference to their fellow tribesmen when it comes to University enrollment.  It takes a lot of money to go to higher level Universities and Colleges, and since these people have the money to send their youth to these faculties, the graduation classes automatically have a high percentage of Jews.  It takes money to drive businesses and finances.  These people have the money.  They control the central banks and most of the financial institutions.  Therefore the usual high end employees or managers in these firms are usually fellow tribesmen!  That is no secret.  Germans have been the main competitors of Jews.  It is also no secret that as a family covets cohesion and with the larger tribe, pushes the best for its children, uses strong argument, logic and conversation (scientific, mathematical, verbal) that the children will succeed.  Studying the Talmud and arguing its fine points have given the Jew a leg up in society.

 John D. Rockefeller establishes Standard Oil and destroys his competitors.  John Davison Rockefeller (July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was an American industrialist.  As kerosene and gasoline grew in importance, Rockefeller's wealth soared, and he became the world's richest man and first American billionaire.  He is often regarded as the richest person in history.  This is a crypto-Jewish family.

Oil - Alfonse de Rothschild was heavily invested in Russian oil at least forty years before William Knox D'Arcy began tying up Persian oil concessions for the British.  Russian oil, which in the 1860s was already emerging as the European rival to the American monopoly Standard Oil, was Alfonse de Rothschild's pet project.  In the 1870s, John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Empire had a virtual monopoly over the United States, and even many foreign countries.  Also in the 1870s, Russia's oil fields, including those in Baku, were challenging Standard Oil's supremacy in Europe.  In the early 1880s, almost two hundred Rothschild refineries were at work in Baku, Russia's oil rich region.  By 1895 the Rothschilds had become Europe's leading producer and distributor of oil surpassing and eclipsing Standard Oil.  By the early 1900s, the Rothchilds were the primary oil interests in Russia, second in the world only to the Rockefellers.  In 1906, John D. Rockefeller stepped in to aid Czarist Russia, and offered $200,000,000, or 400,000,000 rubles for a concession for railroads from Tashkend to Tomsk and from Tehita to Polamoshna and a grant of land on both sides of the prospective lines.  The Russian government refused to allow the Rockefellers into the Russian oil business giving the Rockefellers plenty of reason later to help finance the Bolshevik Revolution.  Current wars in Afghanistan and Iraq are still about oil and minerals among other concerns.

“The Rothschilds govern a Christian world.  Not a cabinet moves without their advice.  They stretch their hand, with equal ease, from Petersberg to Vienna, from Vienna to Paris, from Paris to London, from London to Washington.  “Baron Rothschild, the head of the house, is the true king of Judah, the prince of the captivity, the Messiah so long looked for by this extraordinary people…The lion of the tribe of Judah, Baron Rothschild, possesses more real force than David, more wisdom than Solomon…The Jews were taught from childhood up, that the Christians were to blame for all their woes, and that they were to be feared and detested…” -Anka Muhlstein (1935- ) French Jew writer in her 1980 history of the Rothschilds.

Heinrich Graetz (Tzvi Hirsh Graetz) (10/31, 1817 – 9/7, 1891) was a Jew Historian.  He taught history at the Jewish Theological Seminary in Breslau (Poland).  His History of the Jews (1853-1870) was popular.  Joseph Bonsirven (1880 - 1958) - Jesuit priest and biblical scholar French specializing on Paul in context of rabbinic exegesis  quoted Graetz "On the ruins of the temple, the shortcomings of the method of teaching Talmudic subtlety, how to cavil (quibble), the cunning, broke into the practical life and degenerated into duplicity in mind twists in unfairness.  It was difficult for Jews to deceive them because they had received an education about the same and therefore they could use the same weapons.  But often they used trickery and unfair means to the Goyim. "

Jean-Baptiste Honoré Raymond Capefigue (1801 – Dec 1872) was a French historian and biographer.  "The Jews often bought entire churches with a handful of assignats (paper money of the French Republic), and when tranquillity was restored they let them to the Christians at an exorbitant rental.  France was their prey, and Capefigue, in his History of Great Financial Operations, thus describes the situation: "The Jews entered Paris like hungry wolves.  At first they were timid and ostensibly engaged only in selling second-hand clothes, cheap wares, and in mildly exercising their old trade of usury.  They were not yet sufficiently strong to establish banks, which were in the hands of the Genoese.  They were satisfied with buying and bidding in, in connivance with auctioneers, the furniture of castles, the relics of the churches, and with lending to the old aristocratic families that were banished a few Louis on good values, and at an appalling interest. ...  Left alone, in a short time they will be masters of the industrial and financial markets."

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (2/15, 1811 – 9/11, 1888) was an Argentine scholar and the seventh President of Argentina after 1868.  He wrote that Jewry employs money-lending to accumulate cash for the day, dreamed of by them for twenty or thirty centuries, when they will be able to retake their ancient homeland.  Sarmiento believed that Jews systematically disturb the economies of the lands in which they live because they cannot make money on speculation when conditions are stable.

John Brougham (May 9, 1814 – June 7, 1880) was an Irish-American actor and dramatist.  The “Lottery of Life” has a Jewish character, Mordie Solomons, who is a counterfeiter, potential murderer and business crook.  When all his schemes for power and pelf appear doomed, Solomons threatens "such a sweeping absolute revenge as the world will shudder at" and blows up a ship on which he wrongly thinks the good characters are sailing.  He dies growling curses on everything.  This is an excellent example of the real nature and origin of the familiar "villain" of 19th century melodrama figure usually depicted as a Jewish caricature.

****The Franco-Prussian War (7/19 1870 – 5/10 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia.  Prussia was aided by the North German Confederation and the South German states of Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria.  The complete German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.  It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the French Third Republic.  As part of the settlement, the territory of Alsace and part of Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I when it was returned to France in the Treaty of Versailles.

The conflict was a culmination of years of tension between the two nations, which finally came to a head over the issue of a Hohenzollern candidate for the vacant Spanish throne, following the deposition of Isabella II in 1868.  France mobilized, and on July 19 1870 declared war on Prussia only, but the other German states quickly joined on Prussia's side.  Napoleon III was captured with his whole army on September 2.  Yet, the Third Republic was declared September 4, 1870, and French resistance continued.

Paris fell on January 28, 1871.  Ten days earlier, the German states had proclaimed their union under the Prussian king, uniting Germany as a nation-state, the German Empire.  The final Treaty of Frankfurt was on May 10, 1871, during the time of the Paris Commune uprising of 1871.

 Jewish Field Service during the Franco-Prussian War (1870/71) Jewish religious customs were respected even during military service in the field, as this contemporary lithograph illustrates.

The Germanophile sentiments of men like Thomas Arnold (1842), Edward Freeman, William Stubbs, and Thomas Carlyle presented a marked contrast to the bitter denunciations of everything German by British (and American) historians during the thirties and forties of this century.  Arnold, for example, looked upon Germany not as a nation with a unique predisposition toward authoritarianism and regimentation, but rather as a "cradle of law, virtue, and freedom," and considered it a "distinction of the first rank" that the English belonged to the Germanic family of peoples.

 William Stubbs (6/21, 1825 – 4/22, 1901) was an English historian and Bishop of Oxford.

 Andrew Dickson White (11/7, 1832 – 11/4, 1918) was a U.S. diplomat, historian, and educator, who was the co-founder of Cornell University.   The final result was the two-volume History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (1896), whose primary contention was the conflict thesis.  Initially less popular than John William Draper's History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (1874), White's book became an extremely influential text on the relationship between religion and science. In this book, White argued that "the great majority of the early fathers of the Church, and especially Lactantius, had sought to crush it beneath the utterances attributed to Isaiah, David, and St. Paul".  White's conflict thesis has, however, been discredited by contemporary historians of science.  The warfare depiction nevertheless remains a popular view among the general public.  In 1905 Andrew Dickson White, a noted American historian, educator and United States Ambassador to Germany, could write that: Germany, from a great confused mass of warriors and thinkers and workers, militant at cross-purposes, wearing themselves out in vain struggles, and preyed upon by malevolent neighbors, has become a great power in arms, in art, in science, in literature; a fortress of high thought; a guardian of civilization; the natural ally of every nation which seeks the better development of humanity.

 Edward Augustus Freeman (8/2, 1823 – 3/16, 1892) was an English historian, architectural artist, liberal politician during the late-19th-century heyday of William Gladstone, and a one-time candidate for Parliament.   Freeman wrote of Disraeli's government: "They need not to lie, but I suppose with a Jew at their head they really cannot help it." He replied to a request to sign a petition against anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia "that every nation had the right to wallop its own Jews" and believed that "we should have thought little of Russian persecution of Jews but for the Jewish control over the press in European countries."

The English writers, Thomas Carlyle (1841) and Edward Freeman, were especially ardent in their enthusiasm for the cause of Prussia during the war of 1870.  Carlyle, in a public letter to the Times in 1870, advanced arguments of an "historical, racial, and political" nature on behalf of the alleged necessity of a German victory over France.  He concluded the letter on the warm note that Germany would become the "queen of the continent," something that appeared to him as "the most hopeful public fact that has occurred during my life."   The glowing devotion to the cause of Germany of the famous "Oxford School" historian, Edward A. Freeman, was revealed in an open letter to the Pall Mall Gazette in November of 1870, when he asserted it was the "high mission" of Germany to bring an end to the French "conspiracy" against world peace.

1871         1871         1871         1871

 ****The Paris Commune was a government that briefly ruled Paris from March 18 (more formally, from March 28) to May 28, 1871.  It existed before the split between anarchists and Marxists had taken place, and it is hailed by both groups as the first assumption of power by the working class.  Debates over the policies and outcome of the Commune contributed to the break between those two political groups.

“The Jew Communists stole, assassinated and lit fires with petroleum to conceal their thefts.  Certain Jew merchants, established at Turbigo Street, organized devastation in the spirit of commercial enterprise, and subsequently retired to New York with a fortune of two or three million francs. Like the Jew fireman, as the anecdote has it, the Jews practised the grande soulasse, only murder followed by theft was this time combined with incendiarism.  The Commune had two results: First. It enriched the Jews at the expense of the Gentiles.  The Communists never touched a Jew's property.  Not one of the one hundred and fifty houses owned by Rothschild was attacked.    (Rothschild funded this revolution.)  Second. An important result for the Jews; It caused 30,000 Frenchmen to be killed by Frenchmen.  The Germans in exchange for the protection they had granted the Jews asked of them only one service—the destruction of France's glorious monuments.  That column, constructed of the cannon taken from the Germans, was an object of constant annoyance to them.  Notwithstanding their easy victory over the nephew, they were still wroth at the invincible Imperator whom they saw draped in the mantel of a Roman Emperor, standing upon one of the world's greatest monuments.” –“The Original Mr. Jacobs”  about the 1871 Commune.

Accordingly, the years 1873 and 1877 saw the complete triumph of Israel.   The Jews now repeated, but on far more gigantic proportions, what Rothschild had done in 1815.  They enriched themselves by loaning to the Frenchmen the money which they had obtained from the Prussians, and which money France had paid the latter.  Out of every five millions paid by France to Prussia, four at least remained, in the hands of the Jews.  The Commune drew to Paris all the wanderers, all the adventurers, all the low, swindling mass of the Israelite race.  They established themselves in many once populous quarters which the Commune had left empty.  The admirable solidarity of the Jews, and their spirit of intrigue, enabled the new-comers in a short time to openly assume the direction of the affairs of the city of Paris. 

The state known as Germany was unified as a modern nation-state in 1871, when the German Empire was forged, with the Kingdom of Prussia as its largest constituent.  After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the German Empire was proclaimed in Versailles on January 18, 1871. The Hohenzollern dynasty of Prussia ruled the new empire, whose capital was Berlin.  The empire was a unification of all the scattered parts of Germany except Austria (Kleindeutschland, or "Lesser Germany").  The German Empire is less in area than Texas but possessed a greater revenue than the U.S.  It had a 50% greater population than Britain.

 Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck (4/1, 1815 – 7/30, 1898) was a Prussian German statesman and aristocrat of the 19th century.  As Ministerpräsident of Prussia from 1862–1890, he oversaw the unification of Germany.  The 1880s were a period when Germany started on its long road towards the welfare state it is today.  Health Insurance Bill of 1883.   Accident Insurance Bill of 1884.   Old Age and Disability Insurance Bill of 1889.  “I shall give an example in which is given an entire history of relations between Christians and Jews.  I know of a district – there are peasants- they cannot claim anything as their own on their plot of land.  From their bed to their oven – fork, everything belongs to the Jew.   Cattle in their stable, grain in their fields and their barns – everything belongs to the Jews.  Yet the farmer pays for everything its rent.  And the Jew sells bread, seeds, corn for cattle to the peasants in a butchery way.   I have never heard of a similar Christian usury in my praxis.”       "I fear the Jewish banks with their craftiness and tortuous tricks will entirely control the exuberant riches of America.  And use it to systematically corrupt modern civilization.  The Jews will not hesitate to plunge the whole of Christendom into wars and chaos that the earth should  become their inheritance." (Bismarck)  “We Germans fear God, but nothing else in the world; and it is that same godliness, which lets us love and foster peace.”-Speech to the Reichstag (February 6, 1888)  "People never lie so much as after a hunt, during a war, or before an election." – Otto von Bismarck, German Chancellor

In Germany the Jews became ten times more of a nuisance as a result of Bismarck's law demanding that they adopt surnames.

In 1881, he stated, "Whoever has a pension for his old age is far more content and far easier to handle than one who has no such prospect.”

His state socialism would avert the more disruptive revolutionary forms.  What the ultra-nationalist Bismarck found offensive about socialists was their international outlook. They were, by definition, dual loyalists.  The same was true of Catholics.  The term, Kulturkampf, was coined to describe Bismarck's campaign against Catholics in general and Jesuits in particular.  He had mixed feelings about the Jews, even though they were the most Internationalist.

Kulturkampf ("culture struggle") refers to German policies in relation to secularity and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted from 1871 to 1878 by the Prime Minister of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck.  The Kulturkampf did not extend to the other German states such as Bavaria.  As one scholar put it, "the attack on the church included a series of Prussian, discriminatory laws that made Catholics feel understandably persecuted within a predominantly Protestant nation."  Jesuits, Franciscans, Dominicans and other orders were expelled in the culmination of twenty years of anti-Jesuit and antimonastic hysteria.  The Catholic Church comprised one third of the population of Prussia.  In the newly founded German Empire, Bismarck sought to appeal to liberals and Protestants by reducing the political and social influence of the Catholic Church.  Priests and bishops who resisted the Kulturkampf were arrested or removed from their positions.  By the height of anti-Catholic legislation, half of the Prussian bishops were in prison or in exile, a quarter of the parishes had no priest, half the monks and nuns had left Prussia, a third of the monasteries and convents were closed, 1800 parish priests were imprisoned or exiled, and thousands of laypeople were imprisoned for helping the priests.  Bismarck's program backfired, as it energized the Catholics to become a political force in the Centre party.  The Kulturkampf ended about 1880 with a new pope willing to negotiate with Bismarck, and with the departure of the anti-Catholic Liberals from his coalition.  By retreating, Bismarck won over the Centre party support on most of his conservative policy positions, especially his attacks against Socialism.

1871 The roster of Jews who at one time or another supported Bismarck included:

 Jew Ferdinand Lassalle (Wolfson) (4/11, 1825 — 8/31, 1864) was an International Socialist lawyer and activist in Germany.  He supported Bismarck.  Bismarck was a staunch believer in monarchy.  Lassalle agreed.  He thought monarchy was the best means to implement a socialist dictatorship. 'The state is God’, was a favorite dictum.

 Jew Eduard Lasker (10/14, 1829 – 1/5, 1884) was a politician and jurist in Germany. Entering the Prussian Lower House as a Progressive in 1865, Lasker supported Bismarck in his quest for German unification.  Bismarck did not reciprocate. 

 Jew Martin Sigismund Eduard von Simson (11/10, 1810 – 5/2, 1899) was a jurist and liberal politician of the Kingdom of Prussia and German Empire, who served as President of the Frankfurt Parliament as well as the first President of the German Parliament and of the Imperial Court. He was ennobled by Frederick III in 1888.

 Jew Friedrich Julius Stahl (1/16, 1802 – 8/10, 1861) was a lawyer and politician in Germany.  He opposed the idea of German federation.  He began in 1827 his great work: (an historical view of the philosophy of law), in which he bases all law and political science upon Christian revelation, denies rationalistic doctrines, and, as a deduction from this principle, maintains that a state church must be strictly confessional.  This position he further elucidated in his (The Christian State and its relation to Deism and Judaism; 1847).  He had converted to Lutheranism during his student days and became a leading spokesman of Prussian conservatism.  His anti-democratic sentiments were succinctly expressed by the phrase, "Authority, not majority.  Stahl, like Bismarck, believed that jews could not be functionaries of a Christian state, which derived its legitimacy through divine favor and tradition.  Bismarck likened Stahl, a celebrated orator and writer, to Disraeli.  In many respects, Stahl was Bismarck's preceptor.

  Jew Ludwig Bamberger (7/22, 1823 – 3/14, 1899) was an economist and politician in Germany.  He was a 1848 revolutionist.  He went to the family banking business in London, grew rich, and in Paris became a patron of the arts.  Bamberger returned to Germany in 1866 after an amnesty had been proclaimed.  Bismarck and Rudolf von Delbruck, the finance minister, frequently turned to him for advice.  In 1870 Bamberger co-founded the Deutsche Bank.  His French sojourn made him invaluable during the Franco-Prussian War, following which he was one of a select group who had direct access to Bismarck.  As a journalist, Bamberger frequently wrote about Bismarck, who in later years came to detest him.

It is worth noting that Bismarck greatly admired Benjamin Disraeli, British novelist and statesman (twice prime minister).  Hearing Disraeli orate at the Congress of Berlin in 1876, Bismarck remarked,” The old Jew, he is the man!”  Disraeli was equally impressed with Bismarck.  At a London meeting in 1862, soon after Bismarck was named Prussian prime minister, Disraeli prophesied, "Take care of that man! He means what he says!"

 Albert Pike (December 29, 1809–April 2, 1891) was an attorney, soldier, writer, and Freemason.  He first joined the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in 1840 then had in the interim joined a Masonic Lodge and become extremely active in the affairs of the organization, being elected Sovereign Grand Commander of the Scottish Rite's Southern Jurisdiction in 1859.  He remained Sovereign Grand Commander for the remainder of his life (a total of thirty-two years), devoting a large amount of his time to developing the rituals of the order.  Notably, he published a book called Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry in 1871, of which there were several subsequent editions.  In this book he admits that worship of Lucifer, as the Light-bearer, is desired.  Pike is still sometimes regarded in America as an eminent and influential Freemason. 

In August 15, 1871, Albert Pike writes a letter (now catalogued in the British Museum) to Guiseppe Mazzini in which he states the following, "We shall unleash the nihilists and the atheists and we shall provoke a great social cataclysm which in all its horror will show clearly to all nations the effect of absolute atheism; the origins of savagery and of most bloody turmoil.  Then everywhere, the people will be forced to defend themselves against the world minority of the world revolutionaries and will exterminate those destroyers of civilization and the multitudes disillusioned with Christianity whose spirits will be from that moment without direction and leadership and anxious for an ideal, but without knowledge where to send its adoration, will receive the true light through the universal manifestation of the pure doctrine of Lucifer brought finally out into public view.  A manifestation which will result from a general reactionary movement which will follow the destruction of Christianity and Atheism; both conquered and exterminated at the same time."

Pike, who having been elected as Sovereign Grand Commander of the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry's Southern Jurisdiction in 1859, was the most powerful Freemason in America.   He would retain that post for 32 years until his death in 1891.   He also published a book on the subject in 1872 entitled, "Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry," in which he candidly states the following,  "LUCIFER, the Light-bearer! Strange and mysterious name to give to the Spirit of Darknesss! Lucifer, the Son of the Morning! Is it he who bears the Light, and with its splendors intolerable blinds feeble, sensual or selfish Souls? Doubt it not!"

 Carlsberg Beer, Copenhagen 1817-1871

 Charles Haddon (C.H.) Spurgeon (6/19, 1834 – 1/31, 1892) was a British Particular Baptist preacher.  In his lifetime, Spurgeon preached to around 10,000,000 people, often up to 10 times each week at different places.  Spurgeon was the pastor of the congregation of the New Park Street Chapel (later the Metropolitan Tabernacle) in London for 38 years.  He was part of several controversies with the Baptist Union of Great Britain and later had to leave the denomination.  Spurgeon was a prolific author of many types of works including sermons, an autobiography, commentaries, books on prayer, devotionals, magazines, poetry, hymns and more. –Spurgeon believed in the restoration of Israel.

 1871 Dwight Lyman (DL) Moody (2/5, 1837 – 12/22, 1899) was an American evangelist and publisher who founded the Moody Bible Institute and Moody Publishers.  He began with the YMCA and in 1871, Moody met Ira D. Sankey, the Gospel singer, with whom he soon partnered.  It was while on a trip to England in Spring of 1872 that he became well known as an evangelist.  Some have claimed he was the greatest evangelist of the 19th century.  Moody aided in the work of cross-cultural evangelism by promoting "The Wordless Book", a teaching tool that had been invented by Charles Spurgeon in 1866.  Moody greatly influenced the cause of cross-cultural Christian missions after he met the pioneer missionary to China, Hudson Taylor.  He actively supported the China Inland Mission and encouraged many of his congregation to volunteer for service overseas.  Moody was a Zionist.  Yet, he mentioned the duty of Christians to bring the gospel to the Jews in many of his sermons.

 The Wordless Book is a Christian evangelistic device.  Black: representing the sinful state of humanity by nature. Red: representing the blood of Jesus. White: representing the perfect righteousness which God has given to believers through the atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ his Son. Green: representing one's need to grow in Christ after salvation.  Gold: representing Heaven.  This "book" has been and is still used to teach uncounted thousands of illiterate people - young and old - around the globe about the Gospel message.  Moody aided in the work of cross-cultural evangelism by promoting "The Wordless Book," a teaching tool that had been invented by Charles Spurgeon in 1866.

 1871 “The Coming Race or Vril: The Power of the Coming Race” by Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton PC (1803–1873), was an English politician, poet, playwright, and prolific novelist.  He was immensely popular with the reading public and turned out a stream of bestselling novels which made him a considerable fortune.  But, like many authors of the period, his style now seems florid and embellished to modern tastes.  He coined the phrases, "the great unwashed", "pursuit of the almighty dollar", "the pen is mightier than the sword", and the infamous opening line, "It was a dark and stormy night."  “My Novel” has an offensive Jewish moneylender as a primary character.  Bulwer calls him "that cynical impersonation of Gold," and likens him to "the magnetic Rock in the Arabian tale, to which the nails in every ship that approaches the lodestone fly from the planks, and a shipwreck a day adds its waifs to the Rock. . ."  The play Leila concerned Almamen, a sinister Jewish "master of magic."  Rienzi was the inspiration for Richard Wagner’s opera, a masterpiece that is never performed by today's opera companies because of its treatment of the Jewish question.

1871 - Henry Stanley finds David Livingstone in central Africa.

August Rohling (1839 - 1931) was a German Catholic theologian, scholar of Hebrew archeology, and polemical author.  He distinguished himself by polemics against Protestantism and Judaism.  Of his anti-Jewish works Der Talmudjude (Münster, 1871) became a standard work for anti-Semitic authors and journalists.   It is an abstract of the Entdecktes Judenthum of Johann Andreas Eisenmenger.  The book was extensively quoted by the Catholic press, but it did not become a political force until the appearance of anti-Semitism, and the Tisza-Eszlár trial in 1883.  Later on he greeted the appearance of Zionism as the solution of the Jewish question. 

1872         1872         1872         1872

Eliza Lynn Linton (1822‑1898) was a British novelist, essayist, and journalist.  Her novel, “The True History of Joshua Davidson, Communist” (1872), brought Jesus into the modern world as an anti-plutocrat revolutionary much like his former incarnation.  Linton observed that "trade is treachery" and that every Jewish banker and pawnbroker was in the advance guard of the wreckers of civilization.

Max Liebermann von Sonnenberg (8/21 1848 – 11/17 1911) was a German officer who became noted as an anti-Semitic politician and publisher.  He was part of a wider campaign against German Jews that became a central feature of far right politics in Imperial Germany in the late nineteenth century.

Jew Gerson von Bleichröder (12/22, 1822 – 2/18, 1893) was a banker in Germany. The Berlin bank acted as a branch office of the Rothschilds' bank.  Bleichröder was concerned with the private banking transactions of Otto von Bismarck and with the transfer of credits and/or placing of loans on behalf of the Prussian state and the German Empire.  Bleichröder and his family were made Prussian nobles on March 8, 1872.  Bleichröder was only the second Jew in Prussia to be ennobled.  Bleichröder was preceded only by Abraham Oppenheim, another banker close to the regime, ennobled four years earlier.

Charles Follen Adams (4/21 1842– 3/8 1918) was an American poet.  In 1872, he began writing humorous verses for periodicals and newspapers in a Pennsylvania German dialect.  He created the jargon-spouting Jewish immigrant character, Leedle Yawcob Strauss, who had an outlandish dialect and absurd pretensions.

 Samuel Butler (12/4 or 5 1835 – 6/18 1902) was an iconoclastic Victorian author who published a variety of works. Two of his most famous pieces are the Utopian satire “Erewhon” (1872) and a semi-autobiographical novel published posthumously, “The Way of All Flesh”.  He is also known for examining Christian orthodoxy, substantive studies of evolutionary thought, studies of Italian art, and works of literary history and criticism.  Butler also made prose translations of The Iliad and The Odyssey which remain in use to this day.  “The Rabbins write, when any Jew Did make to God or man a vow, Which afterwards he found untoward And stubborn to be kept, or too hard, Any three other Jews o'the nation Might free him from the obligation; And have not two saints the power to use A greater privilege than three Jews? (Hudibras)  Butler refers, of course, to the fact that the Jewish religion has a yearly rite, called Kol Nidre (all vows), in which members absolve themselves from and renounce in advance all vows that they will make 'in the coming year.  The public explanation is that this involves only 'vows to God’.  Yet, this qualification nowhere appears in the Talmudic law governing the rite (Tractate Nedarim), and this alone would have true validity, regardless of what might be said by individuals to the outside world. It was on the basis of this curious Jewish attitude toward sworn oaths that Jews were commonly forbidden to stand as witnesses in European law courts, although Jewish apologists today, of course, make out the usual case for 'persecution.'

 Julius von Ficker (4/30, 1826 — 6/10, 1902) was a Roman Catholic German historian.  During the period 1859-1866, Ficker advocated the theory that Austria, on account of its blending of races, was best fitted as successor of the old empire to secure the political advancement both of Central Europe and of Germany.  In support of his theory, he wrote “The German Empire in its Universal and National Relationships” (1871), and “German Monarchy and Empire” (1872).  

1873         1873         1873         1873

 Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877) following his dominant role in the second half of the Civil War.  As president he led the Radical Republicans in their effort to eliminate all vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery.

 1873 The Star of David is adopted as a Jewish symbol.  It comes out of mystical Judaism and is two interlocking triangles of the male and female principles.

 ****Liquor Industry - Gentiles have historically been producers of Wine and Beer and from ancient times to modern times, the alcohol content has been generally low.  The strength of beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume.  Wine was usually low at about 3% until more recent times when it was increased up to 14%.  Hard distilled liquors have been pushed upon gentile populations by Jews and in more recent times they are taking over Beer and wine and increasing alcohol content in them.  Jews often have been caught trying to cut corners in costs.  From 1873:

“Wines and spirits, from their high value and general use, as also from the difficulty of detecting the cheap mixtures added to them, are almost universally adulterated to some extent; while many are made up entirely of ingredients wholly foreign to the country which produces the genuine wine.  The substances added with a view of preserving wines are sometimes poisons, lead and copper both being used, the former in the state of litharge.  In England the favorite port wine is thus most shamefully treated, besides being manufactured on a very large scale, after a variety of curious recipes, from thousands of pipes of spoiled cider imported for the purpose, bad brandy, and infusions of logwood and other dyestuffs.

“The champagnes, which are more in demand in this country, find here as ingenious imitators; and from our native ciders, with a due mixture of cheap French wine, sugar, brandy, and a little lemon or tartaric acid, more champagne is bottled than ever crosses the Atlantic.  If gooseberry wine is easily obtained, it is used instead of cider for making good champagne.  The impossibility of supplying the' demand for French brandy, and the consequent high price of the article, have led to its extensive manufacture in France from very cheap materials.  These materials are water and spirits obtained from molasses, beet root, and potatoes, and more particularly cheap whiskey, which is sent from this country in large quantities to come back brandy.  Burnt sugar gives the desired color, and the fine flavor is made to suit the taste by skilful admixtures of essential oils and distilled murk, which is the refuse skins and pips of the grape left after the wine is expressed. This stuff is imported into England, to be distilled with molasses for making brandy.  Gin is largely adulterated with water, and as the effect of this is to make the liquor whitish and turbid, other substances must be added to correct this and "fine" the gin.  These are alum, carbonate of potash, and the poisonous acetate of lead.

“To restore its strength and pungency, cayenne in the form of tincture of capsicum, or grains of paradise, are employed; and its peculiar aroma is preserved by compounds called " gin flavorings," the ingredients of which are juniper berries, coriander seeds, almond cake, angelica root, licorice powder, calamus root, and sulphuric acid.  The common whiskey of the country is largely diluted in the distilleries with water, and then to restore the strength the lye of ashes, which is prepared for the purpose, is added in sufficient quantity to give the liquor the character which is expressed by the slang name by which it is called of "rot-gut."  The report of the Massachusetts board of health, already referred to, shows that the adulteration of vinegar with sulphuric acid is extensively practiced, especially in wine vinegars.  Lead is also found in vinegar, often coming from lead faucets.  - It has been supposed that the adulteration of drugs was very generally practiced, and almost without check.  Were this the case, medicine would indeed be in bad repute; for in no department would this practice be followed by more disastrous consequences.

“That it is largely adopted, the analyses of our most respectable druggists prove; but these also show that the system may be exposed, and in a great measure checked, by those disposed to do so; and further, that the articles used for sophistication are generally of a very harmless nature.  In July, 1848, a law went into effect in this country, forbidding the importation of these dangerous mixtures.  But while the effect of this has been to exclude foreign adulterations, the manufacture of them at home has been greatly increased.”-1873  

In 21st Century America, there is oversight regulation, but there are still unpublicized adulterations especially by adding mineral water and food colorings or by labeling cheap alcohol with expensive labels and promotion.  Jews control the liquor industry.  Worldwide, adulteration is very common.

Aleksey Feofilaktovich Pisemsky (3/23 1821 – 2/2 1881) was a Russian novelist and dramatist who was regarded as an equal of Ivan Turgenev and Fyodor Dostoevsky during his lifetime, but whose reputation suffered a spectacular decline in the 20th century.  A realistic playwright, along with Aleksandr Ostrovsky he was responsible for first dramatizing ordinary people in the theatre of Russia.  Baal (1873) and Troubled Sea (1863) show villainous nouveaux riches Jews in league with equally obnoxious 'Christian' stockjobbers and swindlers.

1873 Otto Glagau (1834-1892) was a German journalist and writer.  In connection with the “Founder crash”, he turned away from the liberalism, which he blamed for the economic crisis and the moral and cultural decay in Germany to be responsible.  He charged the Jews, by unfair business practices and stock market speculation were to be blamed.

 1873 Henrik Ibsen (3/20, 1828 – 5/23, 1906) was a major 19th-century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet.  He is often referred to as "the father" of modern theater and is one of the founders of Modernism in the theatre.  His plays were considered scandalous to many of his era, when European theater was required to model strict mores of family life and propriety. Ibsen's work examined the realities that lay behind many façades, revealing much that was disquieting to many contemporaries.  It utilized a critical eye and free inquiry into the conditions of life and issues of morality.  Emperor and Galilean is a play written by Henrik Ibsen and published in 1873.  It is Ibsen's longest play, and he considered it his magnum opus. The play is about the Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate and is written in two parts with five acts in each part. It covers the years 351 - 363.  In it, Ibsen writes that Julian’s weapon against Judaism was that the God of the Jews is not the God of the human race, but of a small nation. 

****European views of the US:  (much here by Brendon O'Connor)

Since the late 18th century many Europeans were worried about America, which they saw as a distorting and destructive force.  These thoughts were held by Friedrich Nietzsche, Charles Dickens, Knut Hamsun, Stendhal and many other European intellectuals across the continent.  Europeans considered the dichotomy of Germany’s “Kultur” vs. America’s “Zivilisation” which arose to contrast the latter’s materialism, vulgarity, and shallowness to the former’s idealism, nobility, and depth.  Beginning with Hegel, virtually all German observers condemned the political immaturity of the United States, mainly by virtue of its not having a European-style state, due to its civil turbulence (which was an outgrowth of its multiethnic and immigrant population).  The United States, Hegel concluded, would remain forever peripheral to world history.

Accordingly, Heine wrote of America: it was a “colossal jail of freedom” where “the mob, the most disgusting tyrant of all” carries out “its crude authority.” He continued: “You dear German farmers! Go to America! There, neither princes nor nobles exist; there, all people are equal; there, all are the same boors!”  Jacob Burkhardt equated the allegedly a- and antihistorical nature of American society with barbarism. He discussed the “a-historical Bildungsmensch” who exists in America’s blandness, monotony, mediocrity, and uniformity, and thus whose only escape lay in an inevitable – and pathetic – imitation of Europe’s mores and values. 

To the Romantics, America’s “Bodenlosigkeit” (rootlessness) was an unforgivable sin.  Simon Schama has argued that the flimsy frame construction of American houses was prima facie evidence for Germans of America’s rootlessness.  This association of America with rootlessness became, of course, a major staple of German views of America, well beyond the radical right’s and the Nazis’ blood and soil ideology.

Friedrich Nietzsche hated America as the epitome of the modern which he foresaw as the inevitable conqueror of Europe as well.  The spread of American culture was likened to a form of disease.  “The faith of the American is becoming the faith of the European as well,” Nietzsche warned.”  And Nietzsche’s student Arthur Moeller Van den Bruck, “best known for having popularized the phrase ‘The Third Reich,’ proposed the concept of Amerikanertum (“American-ness) which was to be “not geographically but spiritually’ understood.”  For Stendhal, freedom in the United States did not protect against social pressure and did not permit the creation of genius in art and politics.

Unique among Europeans was the Germans’ inordinate extolling of native Americans as “noble savages” whom the Germans regarded as their true soul mates in the defense of authentic culture against the onslaught of America’s materialist and venal civilization.

Friedrich Spielhagen (2/24, 1829 – 2/25, 1911) was a German novelist, literary theorist and translator. His best known novel is “Stormsurge” and his novel “In Rank and File” was quite successful in Russia.  “Spielhagen described typical Jew stereotypes and agreed that America had no real significance to culture.

 Austria, 1873

1874         1874         1874         1874

 ****Chautauqua ("sha- TAW- kwa") was organized in 1874 and is an adult education movement in the United States, highly popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.  Chautauqua assemblies expanded and spread throughout rural America until the mid-1920s.  The Chautauqua brought entertainment and culture for the whole community, with speakers, teachers, musicians, entertainers, preachers and specialists of the day.  Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was quoted as saying that Chautauqua is "the most American thing in America."

Anthony Trollope (4/24, 1815 – 12/6, 1882) was one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era.  In The Eustace Diamonds, he refers to the character of Mr Emilius as a "nasty, greasy, lying, squinting Jew preacher".  In 1875, an article with harsh stereotypes of Jews, he depicts them as greedy, money-hungry, filthy individuals who all possess hooked noses.  “The England of 1873 was to Trollope, no less than to Henry Adams, an England in the grip of evil and transforming powers.  The international finance adventurer had settled in London in his swarms; embarrassed country gentlemen, touched with the fever of speculation, were selling their names to shady directorates; the wrong Jews came ever more blandly to the right houses; success was wealth and wealth was God.  To such as Trollope, this alien tarnishing of the bright shield of English manners, this betrayal of a self-contained suavity in the interests of a hustled luxury, were bitter indeed.” (Sir Michael Sadleir) 

1874 Constantin Frantz (9/12, 1817 – 5/2, 1891) was a Saxon historian and publicist.  He was a supporter of German dominated central European federation and not Bismarck's German Empire of 1871.  An alliance between Prussia, Austria and the other German states would be strong militarily, but through its decentralized organization, less provocative and predictable for France and Russia would, therefore, a peacekeeping nature.  Frantz intended this Federation as a hedge "against the economic dominance of America and strategic Russia, making the Danube from its source to its mouth in the Black Sea a German river.  Poland would be a buffer, especially since it Christianization was attributable to "Western European civilization" and not "Russian Mongolism".   Poland would not have a rebirth under the Jewish economic hegemony.  Frantz blamed Prussia for undermining “the Christian-Germanic principles.”  In his pamphlet, “National Liberalism and Jewish Domination” of 1874, he saw Berlin as the center from which the Jews and the stock exchange dominated Germany.  The year 1866 meant the final triumph of the pro-capitalist, pro-Jewish policy.  “The most desirable situation for the Children of Israel we owe to Herr von Bismarck who has done more for them than has ever been done before.”  He wanted to exclude Jews, as natural aliens, from German life.

1875         1875         1875         1875

 Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (8/12, 1831 – 5/8, 1891) was a theosophist, writer and traveler. Between 1848 and 1875 Blavatsky went around the world three times.  In 1875 Blavatsky, together with Colonel H. S. Olcott, established the Theosophical Society.  One of the main purposes of this Society was “to form a nucleus of the Universal Brotherhood of Humanity, without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste or color”.  “The Brazen Serpent of Moses was worshipped by the Israelites as a god; being the symbol of Esmun-Asklepius, the Phoenician Iao.  Indeed, the character of Satan himself is introduced in the first book of Chronicles in the act of instigating King David to number the Israelitish people, an act elsewhere declared specifically to have been moved by Jehovah himself [Cf. I Chronicles 21:1 and II Samuel 24:1].  The inference is unavoidable that the two, Satan and Jehovah, were regarded as identical. (Isis Unveiled, vol. 2)  This, and Madam Blavatsky's other major work, The Secret Doctrine, are rife with references to the Jewish god, Jehovah or YHVH, as essentially a demonic force.  It was for this reason, Blavatsky believed, that the Jews have always maintained such clandestinity in all matters pertaining to the god - to the point of keeping secret the true pronunciation of its name.  And, in fact, there is even a ritual condemnation to death of those who discuss these matters with non-Jews.  It is the twelfth of the Eighteen Benedictions, recited regularly in synagogues, and it is directed against ("Informers").

Guido Karl Anton List, better known as Guido von List (10/5, 1848 – 5/17, 1919) was an Austrian/German (Viennese) poet, journalist, writer, businessman and dealer of leather goods, mountaineer, hiker, dramatist, playwright, and rower, but was most notable as an occultist and völkisch author who is seen as one of the most important figures in Germanic revivalism, Germanic mysticism, Runic Revivalism and Runosophy in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and continues to be so today.  He is the author of (The Secret of the Runes), which is a detailed study of the Armanen Futharkh, his intellectual world-view (as realized in the years between 1902 and 1908), an introduction to the rest of his work and is widely regarded as the pioneering work of Runology in modern occultism.  List renounced Christianity as a Semitic religion intertwined with Judaism, and suggested returning to the pagan religions of the ancient Europeans did nevertheless find some supporters.  (Note: In 1959, Elsa Schmidt-Falk, who was in charge of a genealogical research group within the Nazi party in Munich during the 1920's, told Wilfried Daim that Hitler had regularly visited her and her husband at their Munich home.  At these meetings, Hitler often mentioned reading Guido von List and quoted his books enthusiastically.  She also claimed that Hitler told her that members of the List Society in Vienna had given him a letter of introduction to the President of the List Society in Munich. (Daim; Inge Kunz; Roots)

  Heidentor (pagan gate), at Carnuntum on the Danube.  On June 24, 1875, List celebrated the 1500th anniversary of the Germanic tribes' defeat of this Roman garrison in 375.  By AD 9 the legion was headquartered in Pannonia, in the town of Carnuntum. Under Trajan the permanent quarters of Legio XIV Gemina - (German-Austria).  The SS symbol originates from the Runes mysticism. The "Twin Sig Runes".  The Nazis regarded the SS as an elite unit, the Party's "praetorian guard".  Sig Rune is the name given by Guido Von List for the Sigel or S rune of the futhark.

Guido von List was strongly influenced by the Theosophical thought of Madame Blavatsky, which he blended with his own racial religious beliefs, founded upon Germanic paganism.  List called his doctrine “Armanism” (the heirs of the sun-king, a body of priest-kings in the ancient Ario-Germanic nation).  Armanism was concerned with the esoteric doctrines of the gnosis (distinct from the exoteric doctrine intended for the lower social classes, Wotanism).   List claimed that the dominance of the Roman Catholic Church in Austria-Hungary constituted a continuing occupation of the Germanic tribes by the Roman empire, albeit now in a religious form, and a continuing persecution of the ancient religion of the Germanic peoples and Celts.

He also believed in magical powers of the old runes.  In 1891 he claimed that heraldry was based on the magic of the runes.  List’s prophecy that a “German Messiah” would save Germany after World War I was popular among Thule members.  Thule member and publicist Dietrich Eckart expressed his anticipation in a poem he published in 1919, months before he met Hitler for the first time.  In the poem, Eckart refers to ‘the Great One’, ‘the Nameless One’, ‘Whom all can sense but no one saw’.  When the Thules met Hitler in 1919, many believed him to be the prophesied redeemer.  As most Thule members were socially and politically influential, their faith was crucial to Hitler’s meteoric rise.

“Every country has the sort of Jew it deserves.” -K.E. Franzos, ToteSee/en, Vienna, 1875

1876         1876         1876         1876

Peer Gynt is a five-act play in verse by the Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen, loosely based on the fairy tale Per Gynt.   Peer Gynt was first performed in Christiania (now Oslo) on February 24, 1876, with original music composed by Edvard Grieg, which includes some of today's most recognized classical pieces, In the Hall of the Mountain King and Morning Mood.  Dietrich Eckart, translated Peer Gynt to German.  Per Gynt is a Norwegian fairy tale. It tells the story of Per Gynt, a hunter, and his exploits.  Gynt rescues three dairy-maids from trolls and shoots the Bøyg, a gigantic, worm-shaped troll-being.  Ibsen believed that the legend of Per Gynt was rooted in fact.

Christian Lassen (10/22, 1800 – 5/8, 1876) was a Norwegian-German orientalist.  Meanwhile, the new "science" of race was developing, under the impetus of advances in anthropology and philology.  Christian Lassen, a learned professor of ancient civilizations at the University of Bonn, in his (Indian Antiquities), argued that among the Caucasians, only Semites and Aryans built up human civilizations.  He counterposed one against the other: "History proves that Semites do not possess the harmony of psychical forces that distinguishes the Aryans."  But the Semite has other qualities: he is "selfish and exclusive."

 Herman Melville (8/19, 1819 – 9/28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet, whose work is often classified as part of the genre of dark romanticism.  He is best known for his novel Moby-Dick and novella Billy Budd, the latter of which was published posthumously.  Although he may have been ambivalent, in many of Melville’s works, he has wandering Jew-types.  Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land is an American epic poem by Herman Melville, published in two volumes in 1876. Clarel is the longest poem in American literature.

1876 Karl August von Hase (8/25, 1800–1/3, 1890), German Protestant theologian.  He was the great-grandfather of Dietrich Bonhoeffer.  Hase’s aim was to reconcile modern culture with historical Christianity in a scientific way.  But though a liberal theologian, he was no dry rationalist.  Indeed, he vigorously attacked rationalism, as distinguished from the rational principle, charging it with being unscientific inasmuch as it ignored the historical significance of Christianity, shut its eyes to individuality and failed to give religious feeling its due.

Felix Ludwig Julius Dahn (2/9, 1834 – 1/3, 1912) was a German lawyer, author and historian.  With Gustave Freytag’s “Debt and Credit”, Dahn's (Fight for Rome,1876) was one of the most popular German novels of the century.  Its theme was the Gothic conquest of Italy in the early Middle Ages, and the eventual defeat of the Goths, an honest and courageous people.  Jochem, the Jew, betrays an otherwise impregnable stronghold to the forces of the Byzantine east by leading the invaders in through the sewer system.  He is puny and cowardly, with a face, according to Dahn, "bearing all the calculating cunning of his race."   Dahn's implied hero is the Germanic people; his villains the Jews who seem bent upon destroying them. 

Melville Louis Kossuth (Melvil) Dewey (12/10, 1851 – 12/26, 1931) was a librarian and educator, inventor of the Dewey Decimal system of library classification in 1876, and a founder of the Lake Placid Club in 1894 which included tennis courts, golf courses, and concert halls.  He excluded Jews.

 

Bayreuth Festspielhaus, as seen in 1882 and today.

****The Bayreuth Festival is a music festival held annually at which performances of operas by the 19th century German composer Richard Wagner are presented.  Wagner himself conceived and promoted the idea of a special festival to showcase his own works, in particular his monumental cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and Parsifal.  Wagner personally supervised the design and construction of the theatre, which contained many architectural innovations to accommodate the huge orchestras for which Wagner wrote as well as the composer's particular vision about the staging of his works.  The Festival has become a pilgrimage destination for Wagner enthusiasts, who often must wait years to obtain tickets.

The origins of the Festival itself lie rooted in Richard Wagner's interest in establishing his financial independence. A souring of the relationship with his patron, Ludwig II of Bavaria, led to his expulsion from Munich, where he had originally intended to launch the festival.  Wagner next considered Nuremberg, which would have reinforced the thematic significance of works such as Die Meistersinger.  On the advice of Hans Richter, however, the focus fell upon Bayreuth which enjoyed three distinct advantages.  First, the town boasted a splendid venue.  Second, the town found itself outside of regions where Wagner no longer owned the rights to the performance of his own works, which he had sold off in 1864 in order to alleviate pressing financial concerns. Finally, the town had no cultural life that could offer competition to Wagner's own artistic dominance.  The Festival, once launched, would be the dominant feature of Bayreuth's cultural landscape.  In April 1870, Wagner visited and saw that the Opera House proved to be inadequate.  Wagner embarked on a fundraising tour across Germany.  Despite making direct appeals based on Wagner's role as a composer of the new German Reich, the Societies and other fundraising channels were well short of the needed sum by the end of 1872. Wagner made another appeal to Bismarck in August 1873 and was again denied.  Desperate, Wagner turned to his former patron, Ludwig II who reluctantly agreed to help.  In January 1874, Ludwig granted 100,000 Thaler and construction on the theatre, designed by architect Gottfried Semper, started shortly thereafter.  A planned 1875 debut was postponed for a year due to construction and other delays.  Since its opening in 1876, the Bayreuth Festival has been a socio-cultural phenomenon.  The inauguration took place on August 13, 1876, with a performance of Das Rheingold.  Present at this unique musical event were Kaiser Wilhelm, Dom Pedro II of Brazil, King Ludwig (who attended in secret, probably to avoid the Kaiser), and other members of the nobility, as well as the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche who committed much effort to helping his then good friend Wagner establish the festival, and such accomplished composers as Anton Bruckner, Edvard Grieg, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, and Franz Liszt.

Although the festival was plagued by financial problems in its early years, it survived through state intervention and the continued support of influential Wagnerians, including King Ludwig II of Bavaria.  From its inception, the festival has attracted leading conductors and singers, many of whom performed without pay.  Following Wagner's death, his widow Cosima continued running the festival.  After her retirement in 1906, Siegfried Wagner took over management.  His early death in 1930 left the Festival in the hands of his English-born wife Winifred Wagner.  In the 1920s, well before the rise of the Nazi Party, Winifred Wagner became a strong supporter and close personal friend of Adolf Hitler; her correspondence with Hitler has never been released by the Wagner family.  She and other festival leaders were members of Nazi chief ideologue Alfred Rosenberg's “Fighting League for German Culture”, which actively suppressed modernist music and works by "degenerate" artists.  Hitler attended performances that included Jewish and foreign singers.  During the war, the festival sponsored operas for wounded soldiers returning from the front.  During the 1970s Winifred Wagner was repeatedly petitioned to install a memorial to the Jewish singers at the Bayreuth Festival who had been murdered (?) in concentration camps.  Two-thirds of the town of Bayreuth was destroyed by Allied bombing.  Following the war, Winifred Wagner was sentenced to probation by a war court for her support of the Nazi party.  The court also banned her from administration of the Bayreuth Festival and its assets, which fell eventually to her two sons, Wolfgang and Wieland.  During American occupation of the region after World War II, the theatre was used for army recreation and religious services for American soldiers.  Only popular concerts and mixed entertainment were allowed: comedy, dancing, acrobatics, and then only Die Fledermaus was staged.  It reopened for Wagner on July 29, 1951.  In 1973, faced with overwhelming criticism and family infighting, the Bayreuth Festival and its assets were transferred to a newly created Richard Wagner Foundation.  The board of directors included members of the Wagner family and others appointed by the state.  As chairman, Wolfgang Wagner remained in charge of administration of the festival.  Wolfgang Wagner retired at the end of August 2008.  On September 1, 2008, Wolfgang Wagner's daughters, Eva Wagner-Pasquier and Katharina Wagner, were named to take over the Festival.

1876 Hitler’s future father, Alois Schicklgruber, changed his name to Alois Hitler.  Adolf said nothing his father had done had pleased him so much as to drop the coarsely rustic name of Schicklgruber.

 Jew Ignác (Yitzhaq Yehuda) Goldziher (6/22, 1850 – 11/13, 1921), often credited as Ignaz Goldziher, was a Hungarian scholar of Islam.  Along with the German Theodore Nöldeke and the Dutch Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, he is considered the founder of modern Islamic studies in Europe.  In 1890 he published Muhammedanische Studien in which he showed how Hadith reflected the legal and doctrinal controversies of the two centuries after the death of Muhammad rather than the words of Mohamed himself.  He was a strong believer in the view that Islamic law owes its origins to Roman Law.  In addition to his scholarly works, Goldziher kept a relatively personal record of his reflections, travel records and daily records.  i.e., "In those weeks, I truly entered into the spirit of Islam to such an extent that ultimately I became inwardly convinced that I myself was a Muslim, and judiciously discovered that this was the only religion which, even in its doctrinal and official formulation, can satisfy philosophic minds.  My ideal was to elevate Judaism to a similar rational level.  Islam, as my experience taught me, is the only religion, in which superstitious and heathen ingredients are not frowned upon by rationalism, but by orthodox doctrine."  Despite his love for Islam, Goldziher remained a devout Jew all his life.  He was denied certain University positions in Hungary which he could have taken if he had become a “Christian”.  Goldziher's works have taken on a renewed importance owing to Edward Said's critical attacks in his book Orientalism.  Said said of five major German orientalists, that four of them, despite their profound erudition, were hostile to Islam.  Goldziher's work was an exception in that he appreciated 'Islam's tolerance towards other religions'.  Selected Works: The literary history of the Shi'a (1874); The myth of the Hebrews and its historical evolution (1876); Essays on the Arab Studies (1896-1899, 2 vols.).

1877         1877         1877         1877

 Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States (1877–1881).  As president, he oversaw the end of Reconstruction and the United States' entry into the Second Industrial Revolution.  Hayes was a reformer who began the efforts that led to civil service reform and attempted, unsuccessfully, to reconcile the divisions that had led to the American Civil War fifteen years earlier.

1877 InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA is an inter-denominational, evangelical Christian, student-led ministry dedicated to establishing witnessing communities on college and university campuses.  In the 2009-2010 school year, over 1200 staff members minister with over 34,000 students and faculty in 859 chapters on 559 campuses in the United States, with the purpose of developing their love for God, God’s Word, and for people of every ethnicity and culture around the world. 

Alphonse Daudet (5/13 1840 – 12/16 1897) was a French novelist.  Daudet was a monarchist and a fervent opponent of the French Republic. Daudet was also anti-Jewish, though less famously so than his son Léon.  The main character of Le Nabab (1877) was inspired by a Jewish politician.  Daudet campaigned against him and lost.  Daudet counted many literary figures amongst his friends, including Edouard Drumont, who founded the Antisemitic League of France and founded and edited the anti-Semitic newspaper La Libre Parole.  Daudet also exchanged anti-Semitic correspondence with Richard Wagner.  (Kings in Exile) portrays a ruthless Jewess who endeavors to cash in on an exiled king, who has a crush on her, by tricking him into renouncing his crown for a large sum of money which she aims to make off with.

 1877 John Nelson Darby (11/18, 1800 – 4/29, 1882) was an Anglo-Irish evangelist, and an influential figure among the original Plymouth Brethren. He is considered to be the father of modern Dispensationalism.  He made at least 5 missionary journeys to North America between 1862 and 1877.  Darby is noted in the theological world as the father of "dispensationalism", later made popular by Cyrus Scofield's Reference Bible.  Charles Henry Mackintosh, 1820–1896, with his popular style spread Darby's teachings to humbler elements in society.  CHM popularized Darby more than any other Brethren author.  In the early twentieth century, J.N. Darby's theological teachings have the greatest influence on the Little Flock of Watchman Nee and Witness Lee.  As there was no Christian teaching of a “rapture” before Darby began preaching about it in the 1830s, he is sometimes credited with originating the "secret rapture" theory wherein Christ will suddenly remove His bride, the Church, from this world before the judgments of the tribulation.  Dispensationalist beliefs about the fate of the Jews and the re-establishment of the Kingdom of Israel put dispensationalists at the forefront of Christian Zionism.  There are suggestions that Darby was a Freemason, he was definitely philo-Semitic.

Joseph Seligman (1819–1880) was a prominent German Jew US banker, and businessman.  He has been described as a "robber baron".  With his brothers, he started a bank, J. & W. Seligman & Co., with branches in New York, San Francisco, New Orleans, London, Paris and Frankfurt. In the post-Civil War Gilded Age, Seligman invested heavily in railroad finance, in particular acting as broker of transactions engineered by Jew Jay Gould.  They underwrote the securities of a variety of companies, participating in stock and bond issues in the railroad and steel and wire industries, investments in Russia and Peru, the formation of the Standard Oil Company, and shipbuilding, bridges, bicycles, mining, and a variety of other industries.  Later, in 1876, the Seligmans joined forces with the Vanderbilt family to create public utilities in New York.  In 1877, after helping refinance the war debt in Washington, Seligman decided to vacation with his family at the 834-room Grand Union Hotel in Saratoga, where he had stayed before.  Saratoga at the time was a well-regarded resort area for wealthy New Yorkers, and the Grand Union Hotel itself was the best available owned by Judge Hilton.  Nevertheless, by 1877 the hotel had suffered a drop in business and believed that the cause of the decline was the presence of "Israelites" (that is, Jews) at the hotel; Christians, their theory went, did not wish to stay at a hotel that admitted Jews.  Seligman was told he could not stay at the hotel.  The incident created much controversy.  The New York Times, on June 19, 1877, ran a headline set entirely in capital letters: A SENSATION AT SARATOGA. _____ NEW RULES FOR THE GRAND UNION. NO JEWS TO BE ADMITTED--MR. SELIGMAN, THE BANKER, AND HIS FAMILY SENT AWAY-- HIS LETTER TO MR. HILTON-- GATHERING OF MR. SELIGMAN'S FRIENDS AN INDIGNATION MEETING TO BE HELD.  A month later, the New York Times disclosed a letter in which Judge Hilton told a friend, "As [yet] the law ... permits a man to use his property as he pleases, and I propose exercising that blessed privilege, notwithstanding Moses and all his descendants object."  The case became a national sensation.  Seligman and Hilton both received death threats.  A group of Seligman's friends started a boycott against the hotel, eventually causing the business to fail; a sale to John Wanamaker followed.  This prompted Hilton to pledge a thousand dollars to Jewish charities.  The resulting publicity emboldened other hoteliers to exclude Jews, placing advertisements saying "Hebrews need not apply" and "Hebrews will knock vainly for admission".

August Ferdinand Bebel (2/22, 1840 – 8/13, 1913) was a German social democrat and one of the founders of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. 1875-1890  The "Socialism of Fools" phrase is credited to August Bebel as a description of anti-Semitism in the leftist community.  It refers to traditional socialist animosity towards prominent Jewish European bankers, capitalists, and war profiteers -- major symbols of class oppression since the development of Marxist theory in the nineteenth century.  Many socialists were also hostile to transnational Jewish "nationalism" and its attendant chauvinism.  Even "Bebel, the socialist leader who stood in the vanguard of the fight against anti-Semitism in Wilhelmian Germany, called Jewish socialists brilliant but pushy, difficult to subject to party discipline." [G. Mosse, 1985, p. 67] In the nineteenth century Jews were largely to be found in middlemen occupations: merchants, hucksters, estate managers, loan and mortgage collectors, and money lenders.  These were popularly considered (and by segments of the Jewish community like the labor Zionists as well), to be non-productive or 'parasitic' occupations ... Many late nineteenth- and twentieth century Leftists obviously shared this economically rooted hatred of Jews as well as the long-engrained religious prejudice against them." [A. Liebman, 1986, p. 331]

****(Social Darwinism is the pejorative) for Social Reconstruction.  It is a modern name given to theories of society that emerged in the West in the 1870s, which, it is alleged, sought to apply biological concepts to sociology and politics.  The term has fallen into disuse like the term Eugenics, even though both are still present.  The term first appeared in Europe in 1877, and around this time it was used by sociologists opposed to the concept.  The term was popularized in the United States in 1944 by historian Richard Hofstadter who used it in propaganda against fascism to denote a reactionary creed which promoted competitive strife, racism and nationalism.  "Social Darwinism" was first described by Oscar Schmidt of the University of Strasbourg, reporting at a scientific and medical conference held in Munich in 1877.  He noted how socialists, although opponents of Darwin's theory, nonetheless used it to add force to their political arguments. Hypotheses of social evolution and cultural evolution were common in Europe.  The Enlightenment thinkers who preceded Darwin, such as Hegel, often argued that societies progressed through stages of increasing development.  Earlier thinkers also emphasized conflict as an inherent feature of social life. 

Herbert Spencer proved to be a popular figure in the 1880s primarily because his application of evolution to areas of human endeavor promoted an optimistic view of the future as inevitably becoming better.  In the United States, writers and thinkers of the gilded age such as Edward L. Youmans, William Graham Sumner, John Fiske, John W. Burgess, and others developed theories of social evolution as a result of their exposure to the works of Darwin and Spencer.  In 1883, Sumner published a highly influential pamphlet entitled "What Social Classes Owe to Each Other", in which he insisted that the social classes owe each other nothing, synthesizing Darwin's findings with free enterprise Capitalism for his justification.  According to Sumner, those who feel an obligation to provide assistance to those unequipped or under-equipped to compete for resources, will lead to a country in which the weak and inferior are encouraged to breed more like them, eventually dragging the country down.

Peter Kropotkin argued in his 1902 book “Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution” that Darwin did not define the fittest as the strongest, or most clever, but recognized that the fittest could be those who cooperated with each other.  In many animal societies, struggle is replaced by cooperation.

Fascist and National Socialist ideology subscribed to a different form of social Reconstruction than the laissez-faire version because they were not advocates for an individualist order of society; rather they advocated a national struggle for the betterment of communal society.  Although, Hitler often refused to intervene in the promotion of officers and staff members, preferring instead to have them ‘fight’ amongst themselves to force the "stronger" person to prevail.

1878         1878         1878         1878

 Leo XIII, #256 served from 2/20, 1878-7/20, 1903 Issued the encyclical on social teaching, Rerum Novarum (On Capital and Labor) and supported Christian democracy as against communism; the third-longest reigning pope after Pius IX and John Paul II.

Adolph Wagner (March 25, 1835 - November 8, 1917) was a German economist and politician, a leading Kathedersozialist (academic socialist) and public finance scholar; Wagner's Law of increasing state activity is named after him.   Wagner was an early member of the anti-semitic Christian Social Party, founded in 1878 by Adolf Stoecker as the (Christian Social Workers' Party).  Wagner is the main protagonist of a specific school of economics and social policy, called "State Socialism", which is a specific form of Kathedersozialismus.

1878 Berlin Congress rearranges Balkans and avoids war with Russia.  Germany also acquires colonies until World War I.  The Congress of Berlin (13 June - 13 July 1878) The Congress was attended by the British Empire, Austria-Hungary, France, the German Empire, Italy, the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.  Delegates from Greece, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro attended the sessions concerning their states, but were not members of the congress.  In the wake of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, the meeting's aim was to reorganize the countries of the Balkans.  German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who led the Congress, undertook to stabilize the Balkans, recognize the reduced power of the Ottoman Empire, balance the distinct interests of the Britain, Russia and Austria-Hungary.  As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside the Ottoman Empire; Eastern Rumelia was restored to the Turks under a special administration; and Macedonia was returned outright to the Turks, who promised reform.  Romania achieved full independence, but had to turn over part of Bessarabia to Russia. Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories.  Austria took over Bosnia and Herzegovina, and effectively took control of the province of Novi Bazar. Britain took over Cyprus. 

The results were first hailed as a great achievement in peacemaking and stabilization.  Although Russia had been victorious in the war that occasion the conference, it was humiliated at Berlin, and resented its treatment.  Austria gained a great deal of territory, which angered the South Slavs, and led to decades of tensions in Bosnia and Herzogovina.  Bismarck became the target of hatred of Russian nationalists and Pan-Slavists, and found that he had tied Germany too closely to Austria in the Balkans.  The congress was solicited by the rivals of the Russian Empire, particularly by Austria-Hungary and Britain, and hosted in 1878 by Otto von Bismarck. The principal mission of the World Powers at the congress was to deal a fatal blow to the burgeoning movement of pan-Slavism.

1878 Adolf Stoecker (12/11, 1835 – 2/2, 1909) was the court chaplain to Kaiser Wilhelm, a politician, and an German Lutheran theologian who founded one of the first Christian Social Gospel political parties in Germany, the Christian Social Party.  Stoecker believed that Jewish Emancipation and integration had worsened the effects of the new capitalist system by allowing Jewish capital to increase its holdings and influence.  Stoecker proposed that Jews innate anti-Christianity and foreign origin made it impossible for them being properly integrated without secularizing the rest of society and watering down German national values.  In September 1879, he delivered a speech entitled "What we demand of modern Jewry", in which he spelled out several demands of German Jews, among them: that Jews renounce their ambition to financially control Germany, that the Jewish press cease its bigoted attacks on German culture and become more tolerant, that quotas be placed on the number of Jews in certain professions and universities especially those with overt Christian missions.

Max Liebermann von Sonnenberg (8/21, 1848 – 11/17, 1911) was a German officer who became noted as an anti-Semitic politician and publisher. The foundation of the Christian Social Party by Adolf Stoecker in 1878 helped to galvanise anti-Semitic activity in Germany and brought Liebermann von Sonnenberg, then an officer in the German Imperial Army, to politics.  Joining with Bernhard Förster, the brother-in-law of Friedrich Nietzsche, he set up the (German People's League) in 1881 to support the anti-Semitic agenda.  The group struggled for support as it focused on a single issue that spawned a number of movements at the time and it declined further when Förster left for Paraguay in 1886 to set up his ill-fated Nueva Germania project.

 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (5/7, 1840 – 11/6, 1893) was a Russian composer of the Romantic era.  His wide-ranging output includes symphonies, operas, ballets, instrumental, chamber music and songs.  He wrote some of the most popular concert and theatrical music in the classical repertoire, including the ballets Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker, the 1812 Overture, his First Piano Concerto, his Violin Concerto, his last three numbered symphonies, and the opera Eugene Onegin.  About Jews: “A mass of dirty Yids with that poisonous atmosphere which accompanies them everywhere”, he writes about the railway station he passes on his way from Clarens to Kamenka (1878).

 ****The Posse Comitatus Act is a US law passed on June 18, 1878, after the end of Reconstruction, with the intention of substantially limiting the powers of the federal government to use the military for law enforcement.  The Act prohibits most members of the federal uniformed services from exercising state law enforcement, police, or peace officer powers that maintain "law and order" on non-federal property.  Posse Comitatus (Latin): Power of the county.   The whole force of the county: that is, all the male members of a county over fifteen, who may be summoned by a sheriff to assist in preventing a riot, the rescue of prisoners, or other unlawful disorders.                     In the 1970’s, loose groups have posed the legal theories of Posse Comitatus and developed the Sovereign Citizen Movement, which claims that a U.S. citizen can become a "sovereign citizen" (as opposed to a "Fourteenth Amendment Citizen") and thereby be subject only to common law and/or "constitutional law", not to statutory law.  The Uniform Commercial Code plays an important part in these legal theories.

William Cullen Bryant (November 3, 1794 – June 12, 1878) was an American romantic poet, journalist, and long-time editor of the New York Evening Post. (Jews' "unquenchable lust for lucre")

****1878 "Hatikvah" (The Hope) is the national anthem of Israel.  Its lyrics are adapted from a poem written by Naphtali Herz Imber, a secular Jew from the Ukraine who moved to the Land of Israel in the early 1880s.  The poem was adopted at the First Zionist Congress in 1897.  When the State of Israel was established in 1948, it was unofficially proclaimed the national anthem and became official in November 2004.  In its modern rendering, the official text of the anthem incorporates only the first stanza and refrain of the original poem.  The melody derives from a 17th-century Italian song.  The adaptation of the music for Hatikvah has been done by Samuel Cohen in 1888.  “As long as in the heart, within, A Jewish soul still yearns, And onward, towards the ends of the east, An eye still gazes toward Zion; Refrain: Our hope is not yet lost, The hope of two thousand years, To be a free people in our land, The land of Zion and Jerusalem.       

The full text of the original nine-stanza poem:

I-As long as in the heart, within, A Jewish soul still yearns, And onward, towards the ends of the east, An eye still looks toward Zion; Refrain: Our hope is not yet lost, The ancient hope, To return to the land of our fathers, The city where David encamped.               

II–As long as tears from our eyes Flow like benevolent rain, And throngs of our countrymen Still pay homage at the graves of (our) fathers; Refrain                

III–As long as our precious Wall Appears before our eyes, And over the destruction of our Temple An eye still wells up with tears; Refrain                  

IV–As long as the waters of the Jordan In fullness swell its banks, And (down) to the Sea of Galilee With tumultuous noise fall; Refrain   

V–As long as on the barren highways The humbled city gates mark, And among the ruins of Jerusalem A daughter of Zion still cries; Refrain           

VI–As long as pure tears Flow from the eye of a daughter of my nation, And to mourn for Zion at the watch of night She still rises in the middle of the nights; Refrain         

VII–As long as drops of blood in our veins Flow back and forth, And upon the graves of our fathers                 Dewdrops still fall;                 Refrain     

VIII–As long as the feeling of love of nation Throbs in the heart of the Jew, We can still hope even today That a wrathful God may still have mercy on us; Refrain     

IX–Hear, O my brothers in the lands of exile, The voice of one of our visionaries, (Who declares) That only with the very last Jew — Only there is the end of our hope! Refrain              

X– (unofficial) You people, peace for your country again, Balm in Gilead, Jerusalem doctor, Your healer is God, the wisdom of His heart,Go my people in peace, healing is imminent...                

1879         1879         1879         1879

1879 Georg Ritter von Schönerer (7/17, 1842 – 8/14, 1921) was an Austrian politician active in the late 1800s and early 1900s.  Schönerer developed a political philosophy that featured elements of violent anti-Semitism, anti-Slavism, anti-Catholicism, authoritarianism, popular solidarism, nationalism, and Pan-Germanism, themes which appealed to many lower class Viennese.  As such, Schönerer rapidly became a popular and powerful political figure.  In 1879 he formed the Pan-German Party, which would become a considerable force in Austrian politics.  But his views and philosophy would go on to greatly influence Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party as a whole.  He was called an anti-Semite, but in the Linz Program that called for the complete Germanization of the Austrian state, 2 of the 5 founding members were Jewish.  [Remember, there is a difference between being born Jewish and Jewish racism.] 

The Berlin Anti-Semitism controversy was a public debate from 1879 to 1881 in the Empire of the influence of Judaism, the so-called Jewish question.

 1879 “History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century” by Heinrich Gotthard von Treitschke (9/15, 1834 – 4/28, 1896) was a nationalist German historian and political writer during the time of the German Empire.  He coined the phrase- “The Jews are our misfortune.”   In 1876 he wrote “Germany, France, Russia, and Islam”.

“The Victory of Judaism over Germanism” by Wilhelm Marr (1819– 1904) was a German agitator and publicist, who coined the term "antisemitism".  Booklet was finally translated into English in 2009.  He wrote of the 1800 year war between Jewish and Gentile worldviews.  And that ‘Germanism’ was lost, since the Jews were already constructing their Jerusalem on the ruins of the new Germany.  According to him, the struggle between Jews and Germans would only be resolved by the victory of one and the ultimate death of the other.  A Jewish victory, he concluded, would result in finis Germaniae (the end of the German people). To prevent this from happening, in 1879 Marr founded the League of Antisemites (Antisemiten-Liga), the first German organization committed specifically to combating the alleged threat to Germany posed by the Jews and advocating their forced removal from the country. “Russia is the last defense against the Jews, and its surrender is only a matter of time.  The elastic spirit of Jewish intrigue will crush Russia in a revolution, such as the world has never seen the like.  When it has overthrown Russia, it will have nothing to fear from any quarter; when it has seized in Russia all the offices of state as it has done with us, then the Jews will openly undertake the destruction of western civilization, and this ‘last hour’ of condemned Europe will strike within a hundred or a hundred and fifty years at the latest, since the march of events moves more rapidly in our era than in preceding centuries.”  (Was he part Jewish?)

 Johan August Strindberg (1/22, 1849 – 5/14, 1912) was a Swedish playwright, novelist, and essayist.  A prolific writer who often drew directly on his personal experience, Strindberg's career spanned four decades, during which time wrote over 60 plays and more than 30 works of fiction, autobiography, history, cultural analysis, and politics.  He is considered the "father" of modern Swedish literature and his The Red Room (1879) has frequently been described as the first modern Swedish novel.  This is controversial in contemporary assessments of Strindberg, as have his antisemitic descriptions of Jews (and, in particular, Jewish enemies of his in Swedish cultural life) in some works, particularly during the early 1880s.

Saturday Evening Gazette (Boston). "It is strange that a nation (Jews) that boasts so many good traits should be so obnoxious." (1879)

Frances Elizabeth Caroline Willard (9/28, 1839 – 2/17, 1898) was an educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist.  Willard became the national president of the World Woman's Christian Temperance Union, or World WCTU, in 1879, and remained president for 19 years.  She developed the slogan "Do everything" for the women of the WCTU to incite lobbying, petitioning, preaching, publication, and education.  Her vision progressed to include federal aid to education, free school lunches, unions for workers, the eight-hour work day, work relief for the poor, municipal sanitation and boards of health, national transportation, strong anti-rape laws, and protections against child abuse.

  The crowned heads of Europe bow before Lionel Rothschild on his throne of mortgages, loans and cash. Rothschild was known as the "king of kings."  Baron Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (11/22, 1808– 6/3, 1879) was a British banker and politician.   He was a son of Nathan Mayer Rothschild.  In 1847 Lionel de Rothschild but was barred from sitting due to the Christian oath.  In 1850, he entered the House of Commons to take his seat but refused to swear on a Christian Bible asking to use only the Old Testament.  This was permitted but when omitting the words "upon the true faith of a Christian" from the oath he was required to leave.  In 1851 a new Jewish Disabilities Bill was defeated in the House of Lords.  In the 1852 general election Rothschild was again elected but the next year the bill was again defeated in the upper house.  Finally, in 1858, he took his seat as the first Jewish member of Parliament and stayed until 1874.  Rothschild was proposed as a member of the House of Lords in 1868, but Queen Victoria refused to elevate him to this status.  She denied that this was because Rothschild was a Jew.  Instead the monarch claimed it was because of Rothschild's business activities, but few believed her.  In 1885 the Queen did raise Rothschild's son Nathan to the peerage. Nathan Mayer de Rothschild became the first Jewish member of the House of Lords.

 Richard Maurice Bucke (3/18, 1837 – 2/19, 1902), often called Maurice Bucke, was an important Canadian progressive psychiatrist. An adventurer in his youth, he went on to study medicine, practice psychiatry in Ontario, and befriend a number of noted men of letters in Canada, the U.S., and England.  His best known work – Cosmic Consciousness, a classic in the modern study of mystical experience.  From Bucke's 1879 book Man's Moral Nature: “... let us consider as well as we can the moral nature of the ancient Jews somewhat more in detail, so as to compare it with our own moral nature at the present time. 1. The family affections of this remarkable people, as far back as we can go, seem to have been well developed.   2. Their national instinct or their love for the members of their own race seems also to have been well marked from a very early period.  3. Here, however, their sympathies stop short. Love of humanity was a feeling to which they never attained. They were always ready, in every sense, to spoil the Egyptians, and not only so, but to glory in doing it. They always looked upon the non-Jews as inferior people, and despised them; and they were doubtless right in thinking the Gentiles inferior to themselves, but they were not right in despising them. 4. They have always been a bitter people to their enemies; no nation above the state of savagery ever made war in a fiercer or more cruel spirit. The massacres which they committed when they got the upper hand were numerous and terrible, and worse than that, they gloried in them. The Jews contrast very unfavorably with the Greeks in regard to cruelties practiced in war. Among the worst acts of the Greeks of this kind were the massacre at Mitylene, and the massacres at Korkyra. All these seem to me to have been prompted at least as much by fear as by hate, and they do not compare in savagery to any of the numerous massacres recorded in the early books of the Old Testament, and evidently exulted in by those who committed them. 5. Just what was the state of their feelings to the lower animals I do not know. It is probable that their sympathies in this direction were very limited. It is certain that they had not the same love for the non-human inhabitants of the earth as we have, or something of this feeling must have appeared in their literature.”

1880         1880         1880         1880

1880.   Jewish Ritual Murder: Smyrna. Many Jews were massacred after a missing child's body had been found on the beach covered with punctured wounds at Passover. Authority: Moniteur de Rome, 15th June, 1883.

1880 Karl Christian Planck (January 17, 1819–June 7, 1880) was a German philosopher.  Planck studied at Tübingen, where he became doctor of philosophy in 1840 and Privatdozent in 1848.  During this period the influence of Reiff led him to oppose the dominant Hegelianism of the time.  In 1881, published after his death, he predicted the coming of a great war and expected at the end of this war for Germany to return to her older traditions.  “Yet this conflict may lead to the understanding that an order based upon nation-states is insufficient.”

 Johanna Spyri (6/12 1827 – 7/7 1901) was an author of children's stories, and is best known for her book Heidi written in 1880.  In another book, Veronica and Other Friends, one character says “You will be as rich as a Jew, for the cattle-dealer is worth more than half the people in Fohrensee, all put together.”

José Maria de Eça de Queirós or Eça de Queiroz (11/25, 1845 – 8/16, 1900) is generally considered to be the greatest Portuguese writer in the realist style.  Zola considered him to be far greater than Flaubert.  The London Observer critics rank him with Dickens, Balzac and Tolstoy.  Eça never officially rejected Catholicism, and in many of his private letters he even invokes Jesus and uses expressions typical of Catholics, but was very critical of the Catholic Church of his time, and of Christianity in general (also Protestant churches) as is evident in some of his novels.  “Almost all the great banking houses of Germany, almost all the great newspapers are in Semitic hands.  Thus the Jews are unattackable.  Not only have they expelled the true German from the liberal professions, humiliated him with their flashy opulence and made him captive with their money, but - supreme injury! - through their publications, they ordain what he should do, what he should think, how he is to be governed and with whom he is to go to war.  The pomp and pagentry of these parvenue Solomons offends against contemporary taste, which is subdued.  They always bawl loudly, as if in a conquered land; in a restaurant of London or Berlin, nothing is more intolerable than a yammering Semite.  They are covered with jewels, all the fittings of their carriages are of gold, and they love gross and tawdry luxury. How exasperating!  This Jewish world preserves its separateness, compact, inaccessible, impenetrable.  It invades the German society it seeks to outshine and dominate, but no German can put as much as the point of his shoe into Jewish society.  They marry only among themselves and dole out to their own the kingly charities to which they contribute millions, but they begrudge even a crust to a hungry German...  The good German cannot tolerate this spectacle of the Jew engorging himself, enriching himself and sparkling so brightly.  He has no choice but to load up his family and emigrate to America in search of bread. (Letters from England).

Julian Hawthorne (June 22, 1846–July 21, 1934) was an American writer and journalist, the son of novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne.  He wrote numerous poems, novels, short stories, mystery/detective fiction, essays, travel books, biographies and histories.  As a journalist he reported on the Indian Famine for Cosmopolitan magazine, and the Spanish-American War for the New York Journal.  “Sebastian Strome” (1880) depicted Jews as extremely base characters.  “The Secret of Solomon” dealt with financial speculation as the key to Jewish power, and as thinly-disguised theft.

 George Eliot (Mary Anne Evans) (11/22, 1819 – 12/22, 1880), was an English novelist, journalist and translator, and one of the leading writers of the Victorian era.  She is the author of seven novels, including Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Middlemarch (1871–72), and Daniel Deronda (1876), most of them set in provincial England and well known for their realism and psychological insight.  She used a male pen name, she said, to ensure her works would be taken seriously.  “My Gentile nature kicks most resolutely against any assumption of superiority in the Jews and is almost ready to echo Voltaire's vituperation.  I bow to the supremacy of Hebrew poetry (the Bible ed.), but much of their early mythology and almost all of their history is utterly revolting... Everything specifically Jewish is of a low grade. (The George Eliot Letters)  On the basis of her novel, Daniel Deronda, Eliot is usually identified as a great champion of Jewry.  She was also interested in a founding of a Jewish state.  The specific reason for the above comment were pronouncements of Jewish superiority that were being made by British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli in his autobiographical novels.  Read “The Jewish Odyssey of George Eliot” by Gertrude Himmelfarb 5/11 2009

“Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ” is a novel by Lew Wallace (officer and governor) published on November 12, 1880 by Harper & Brothers.  It was considered "the most influential Christian book of the nineteenth century.  Blessed by Pope Leo XIII, the novel was the first work of fiction to be so honored.  The story recounts the adventures of Judah Ben-Hur, a Jewish prince and merchant in Jerusalem at the beginning of the 1st century. Running in parallel with Ben-Hur's narrative is the unfolding story of Jesus, who comes from the same region and is a similar age.  The two reflect themes of betrayal, conviction and redemption.  With the Crucifixion, Ben-Hur recognizes that the Christ stands for a different goal than revenge, and he becomes Christian, turning to supporting the new religion with money which he has inherited, inspired by love and the talk of keys to a greater kingdom than any on earth.

In 1880, Father Giuseppe Oreglia di Santo Stefano (1823–1895) wrote: “The Jews—eternal insolent children, obstinate, dirty, thieves, liars . . . barbarian invasion by an enemy race, hostile to Christianity and to society in general. . . . Oh how wrong and deluded are those who think that Judaism is just a religion like Catholicism, paganism, Protestantism, and not in fact a race, a people, a nation. . . . The Jews are not only Jews because of their religion. . . they are Jews also and especially because of their race.”  Even should they convert, he went on to say, Jews remain Jews for all eternity.  The next year, Oreglia added that inspired by the devil, Jews cannot become members of another nation or race, “they are born Jews and must remain Jews. . . . Hatred for Christians they imbibed with their mother’s milk.”

Hippolytus Lutostansky (1835–1915)), was a Roman Catholic priest of Polish Jew extraction.  He thereafter converted to orthodoxy.  He wrote the three volume set, (The Talmud and the Jews).   His “Inquiry into the Jewish Use of Christian Blood” was one of the more thorough studies of ritual murder and the general subject of Hebrew scriptural sanction for crimes against the non-Jew.

George Meredith, OM (2/12 1828 – 5/18 1909) was an English novelist and poet of the Victorian era.  “The Tragic Comedians” (1880) has a Jew proclaiming, in the hyperbolic Disraeli manner, the racial superiority of his people and confidence of world power "when the popular election is as unimpeded as the coursing of blood in a healthy body."

 The Documentary Hypothesis or JEDP holds that the Pentateuch (or the Five Books of Moses) was derived from originally independent, parallel and complete narratives, which were subsequently combined into the current form by a series of redactors (editors).  The identifiable sources are the Jahwist (J) source being the oldest, dating to as early as the 10th century BCE, along with the Elohist (E), the Deuteronomist (D), and the Priestly source (P), dating to the 8th to 6th centuries.  The final compilation of the extant text is dated to either the 6th or 5th century BC.  Julius Wellhausen's contribution was to order these sources chronologically as JEDP, giving them a coherent setting in the evolving religious history of Israel, which he saw as one of ever-increasing priestly power.  Wellhausen's formulation was: the Yahwist source ( J ): written c. 950 BCE in the southern Kingdom of Judah;  the Elohist source ( E ): written c. 850 BCE in the northern Kingdom of Israel;  the Deuteronomist ( D ): written c. 600 BCE in Jerusalem during a period of religious reform;  the Priestly source ( P ): written c. 500 BCE by Aaronid priests in exile in Babylon.  The Torah redactors: first JE, then JED, and finally JEDP, producing the final form of the Torah c. 450 BCE.   This type of theory dominates modern Christian theology.

Julius Wellhausen (5/17, 1844 – 1/7, 1918) was a German Biblical scholar and orientalist, noted particularly for his contribution to scholarly understanding of the origin of the Pentateuch/Torah (the first five books of the Bible).  Wellhausen's uncompromisingly secular approach to the Bible and the detailed cogency of his re-creation of early Israelite history (one which dismissed such fundamental Jewish beliefs as their status as God's "chosen people," and even the originally monotheistic nature of ancient Israelite religion) led to accusations from conservative Jews, and even Christians, that he was motivated not by the dispassionate search for truth but by a desire to destroy the Jewish religion.

 ****American Literature - Episcopal priest Joseph Holt Ingraham publishes a biblical trilogy between 1855-60: The Prince of the House of David, The Pillar of Fire, and the Throne of David.  Ingraham traced the decline of Judaism until it became a totally narrow and superstitious faith.  Lew Wallace wrote “Ben Hur, a Tale of the Christ” in 1880.  Although many of the Hebrew characters gloried in their race, most of the Jews who appear are basically malicious and vengeful types.  Many of these evangelical novels portraying the ‘good Jew’ still portrayed them as formal, exclusive and unassimilable and are vengefully ferocious in their hatred for the gentle Jesus; their religion is decayed and corrupted by materialism and is no longer relevant and functional.  Many also associated Jews with shady practices, robbery, gambling and violent crime.  Tom Taylor in 1864 wrote his Jew as a counterfeiter, forger and burglar.  Boucicault in 1867 wrote his Jew as a crooked, unscrupulous, cowardly scoundrel.  Boucicault in 1868 makes his Jew a gambling house keeper and blackmailer.  Broughham in 1868 wrote his Jew as a fence, moneylender, counterfeiter and blackmailer.  Albert Aiken described his Jew character in 1871 as a wall street broker, “corrupt and fraudulent and is involved in various bunco schemes”, 1884 as a brigand and “enforcer” for a gang, and  in 1892 as a cunning rascal who is involved in kidnapping.

Mass consumption including Nick Carter detective stories described most Jews as ugly, unscrupulous, money-obsessed and criminally inclined.  Magazines such as Puck, Judge, Life, Tid-Bits, and Texas Siftings included sketches of men, women and children with huge hooked noses, gross lips and crude, ostentatious manners and characterized as dishonest, unscrupulous.  They were also portrayed with criminal activities, the pawnbroker, parvenu and other unproductive, exploiting Jews.

William Cullen Bryant wrote that they had an “unquenchable lust for lucre”.  In novels and plays of Francis M Crawford, Evelyn Johnson, Clyde Fitch, Hall Caine, Richard Henry Savage, E S March and Frank Norris, the Jew, when he appears is always the exploiter, never the exploited.  Social Gospelers like ministers Washington Gladden and R Heber Newton talked about the over-development of mercantilism inherent in the Jewish psyche.  For authors James Russell Lowell, Henry and Brooks Adams, Barrett Wendell, Lafcadio Hearn, Vance Thompson, Edith Wharton, and Robert Herrick, the Hebrew was a symptom of social disintegration.

Authors generally follow popular societal trends.  Authors with no real personal knowledge of Jews, described them through the lens of Old Testament Jews described by the New Testament.  Authors with personal knowledge of Jews had none of this false sentimentality and laid out their crimes of Gentile hatred accordingly.  The Gentiles’ feelings of different Centuries and Nations are represented accordingly.

~1880 Émile-Louis Burnouf (1821–1907) was a leading Orientalist and racialist whose ideas influenced the development of theosophy and Aryanism.  Émile was the nephew of Eugène Burnouf, the founder of Buddhist studies in the West.  Following in his footsteps, Émile sought to connect Buddhist and Hindu thought to Western European classical culture.  In so doing, he claimed to have rediscovered the early Aryan belief-system.  Burnouf believed that only Aryan and Semitic peoples were truly religious in temperament.  “Science has proved that the original tendency of the Aryan peoples is pantheism, while monotheism proper is the constant doctrine of Semitic populations. These are surely the two great beds in which flow the sacred stream of humanity.  But the facts show is, in the West, peoples of Aryan origin are in some sort Semiticised in Christianity.  The whole of Europe is at once Aryan and Christian; that is to say pantheistic by its origin and natural dispositions, but accustomed to admit the dogma of creation from a Semitic influence.”

Burnouf's work takes for granted a racial hierarchy that places Aryans at the top as a superior race.  He believed that "real Semites" have smaller brains than Aryans: “A real Semite has smooth hair with curly ends, a strongly hooked nose, fleshy, projecting lips, massive extremities, thin calves and flat feet…His growth is very rapid, and at fifteen or sixteen it is over.  At that age the divisions of the skull which contain the organs of intelligence are already joined, and that in some cases even perfectly welded together.  From that period the growth of the brain is arrested.  In the Aryan races this phenomenon, or anything like it, never occurs, at any time of life, certainly not with people of normal development.  The internal organ is permitted to continue its evolution and transformations up until the very last day of life by means of the never-changing flexibility of the skull bone.”

Burnouf believed that the Hebrew peoples were divided into two races, worshippers of Elohim and worshippers of Yahweh.  The former were Semites, but the latter were "probably" Aryans - "their headquarters were taken up north of Jerusalem, in Galilee.  The people of that country again form a striking contrast to those of the south; they resemble Poles".  The Galileans were in conflict with the more powerful Semitic priestly faction based in Jerusalem.  This explains why Jesus was rejected by the Judeans but accepted by Greek speakers.  Burnouf's ideas developed into the Nazi claim that Jesus was really an Aryan.  Burnouf was consulted by Heinrich Schliemann over his discovery of swastika motifs in the ruins of Troy.  Burnouf claimed that swastika originated as a stylized depiction of a fire-altar seen from above, and was thus the essential symbol of the Aryan race.  The popularization of this idea by Schliemann and Burnouf was mainly responsible for the adoption of the swastika in the West as an Aryan symbol.

Dimitri Reshetnikov. 19th c. Russian writer.  Notes of Travel contains very moving sketches of peasants swindled out of their produce and animals by ruthless Jewish sharpers at a country fair.  As the author describes it: “The Jews are in their element.  They dominate all around them.  They steal, they cheat, they buy up everything.  As the fair ends, there is a mood of depression among the peasants.  Many are drunk: even in their songs and laughter there is something sad.  Their produce is gone, cattle and goats gone, hope gone and only a few kopeks in return.  A peasant woman, cheated of her cow, weeps over and over, 'Oh God! What have we come to!'”

E Roustane  19th c. French dramatist.  His play Le Juif de Sofieka is set in Russia, and shows a Jew bringing an entire town to ruin.  The Israelite enters as a half-dead vagabond, and ends by taking over the lord's estate and reducing the peasants to hopeless indebtedness and the most miserable servility to the large numbers of other Jews who eventually flock in. But in attempting to revolt against this, the common folk anarchically kill and burn everything - including their own homes.  As the curtain falls, the Jews have recouped their forces and ventured back to finance the rebuilding.

1880’s Germany acquires colonies in Africa, islands in the Pacific and a port in China.  This is small possession compared to practically every other European power.  The Germans are comparatively kinder towards their subjects, than other Europeans.

 British journal Puck (circa 1880). A bloated, arrogant Jewish ‘swell’ is shown strutting on Broadway in New York surrounded by scenes of anti-Jewish events in European history, including the banishment of the Jews from France and Spain and restrictions against corruption and predatory Jewish financial practices that were instituted in other civilized societies. The outline under the image reads: “They Are the People. The Downtrodden One. `They Have Always Persecuted Us’ But We Get There All the Same!”

 British journal Puck (circa 1880). A Jewish peddler carrying his wares of poetry, music, statesmanship, science, literature, patriotism — and promissory notes — thumbs his nose at German chancellor Bismarck (with scepter) and American hotel keepers Henry Hilton (left) and Austin Corbin (right), who had barred Jews from their hotels, telling his gentile tormenters: “I have thriven on this sort of thing for 18 centuries–Go on, gentlemen, persecution helps de pizness (business)”

1881         1881         1881         1881

  James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States.  His death, two months after being shot and six months after his inauguration, made his tenure, only 200 days.   Garfield states two weeks before he is assassinated, “Whoever controls the volume of money in our country is absolute master of all industry and commerce…and when you realize that the entire system is very easily controlled, one way or another, by a few powerful men at the top, you will not have to be told how periods of inflation and depression originate.”  Garfield is assassinated by Jewish immigrant Charles Guiteau.

   Invitation to Fancy Dress Ball - Purim  Association of the City of New York, New York, 1881.  "With a few young men imbued, as was Myer S. Isaacs, with the desire to celebrate the Purim festival in a refined way that should fittingly represent the social side of New York Judaism, he founded the Purim Association in 1861, that for 40 years was so popularly and useful, and not only enabled the citizens to have a yearly entertainment that was a protest against extravagance and impropriety in public amusement, but by means of its charitable appeals was a great benefactor to many deserving causes."

1881 -Ante Starčević (5/23 1823 – 2/28 1896), often referred as Father of Homeland was a Croatian politician and writer, whose activities and works laid the foundations for the modern Croatian state.  In the period of his activity he considered all South Slavs as a single nation which should adopt one (Croatian) name.  Starčević believed that Bosniaks were "the best Croats", and claimed that "Bosnian Muslims are a part of the Croatian people and of the purest Croatian blood".  He wrote a whole tractate about the Jews that could be summarized in a few sentences: "Jews ... are the breed, except a few, without any morality and without any homeland, the breed of which every unit strives to its personal gain, or to its relatives' gain.  To let the Jews to participate in public life is dangerous: throw a piece of mud in a glass of the clearest water - then all the water will be puddled.  That way the Jews spoiled and poisoned the French people too much".   Starčević believed the Roman Catholic clergy in Croatia were servants of foreign masters and maintained poverty and illiteracy among the common people.  For his political and literary work, Starčević is commonly called Father of the Nation among Croats.  Many streets, squares and schools are named after him.  Most right wing parties in Croatia claim his politics as their legacy.

1881 - Vasile Alecsandri (7/21, 1821 – 8/22, 1890) was a Romanian poet, playwright, politician, and diplomat.  He collected Romanian folk songs and was one of the principal animators of the 19th century movement for Romanian cultural identity and union of Moldavia and Wallachia.  He produced a work describing Jews as parasites and exploiters.

1881 Mihai Eminescu (January 15, 1850 – June 15, 1889) was a Romanian romantic poet, novelist and journalist, often regarded as the most famous and influential Romanian poet.  In general his work was influenced by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer.  “Wandering Jewry has flooded into Romania’s towns infecting our people with its moral and physical decadence” wrote Mihai Eminescu in 1881.  One of the pioneers of a Christian, economic and volkish anti-Semitism, Eminescu demanded that Jews be put to productive “muscle” work and warned that in the defense of the Romainan race and soil, all means were justified. 

Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (3/21, 1839 – 3/28, 1881) was a Russian composer, one of the group known as 'The Five'. He was an innovator of Russian music in the romantic period. He strove to achieve a uniquely Russian musical identity, often in deliberate defiance of the established conventions of Western music.  Many of his works were inspired by Russian history, Russian folklore, and other nationalist themes.  “Russians idealized the biblical Hebrews with their almost invincible heroes,” he noted, “calling them ‘Yevrei,’ while concurrently dismissing as ‘Zhidy’ the Diaspora Jews they encountered on city streets, and especially the shtetl Jews they occasionally saw traveling on trains. Modeste Mussorgsky was as vitriolic an anti-Semite as ever cheered on a pogrom, yet a Mogen David hovers directly over his head on his gravestone

1881 Vasile Conta (November 15, 1845 – April 21, 1882) was a Romanian philosopher, poet, and politician.  Conta pleaded for an ethnically homogenous national state based on unity of race and religion.  Conta was also the proponent of the theory of a Jewish world conspiracy that claimed Jews schemed to transform a Romania into “their Palestine”.

   ****Bohemian Grove is a 2,700-acre campground located outside San Francisco.   In mid-July each year, Bohemian Grove hosts a two-week campment of some of the most powerful men in the world.  The Bohemian Club's all-male membership includes artists, particularly musicians, as well as many prominent business leaders, government officials (including many former U.S. presidents), senior media executives, and people of power.  After 40 years of membership the men earn "Old Guard" status.  The Club motto is "Weaving Spiders Come Not Here," which implies that outside concerns and business deals are to be left outside.  Still, discussion of business often occurs.  The tradition of a summer encampment was established six years after the Bohemian Club was formed in 1872.  Not long after the Club's establishment by newspaper journalists, it was commandeered by prominent San Francisco-based businessmen.  However, they still retained the "bohemians"—the artists and musicians.  Up to 2,900 members and guests have been reported as attending.  The membership list has included every Republican and some Democratic U.S. presidents since 1923, many cabinet officials, directors and CEOs of large corporations including major financial institutions.  Major military contractors, oil companies, banks, utilities and national media have high-ranking officials as club members.

The pre-eminent camps are: Hill Billies (Big Business/Banking/Politics/Universities/Media/Texas Business); Mandalay (Big Business/Defense Contractors/Politics/U.S. Presidents); Cave Man (Think Tanks/Oil Companies/Banking/Defense Contractors/Universities/Media); Stowaway (Rockefeller Family Members/Oil Companies/Banking/Think Tanks); Uplifters (Corporate Executives/Big Business); Owls Nest (U.S. Presidents/Military/Defense Contractors); Hideaway (Foundations/Military/Defense Contractors); Isle of Aves (Military/Defense Contractors); Lost Angels (Banking/Defense Contractors/Media); Silverado squatters (Big Business/Defense Contractors); Sempervirens (California-based Corporations); Hillside (Military—Joint Chiefs of Staff); Idlewild (California-based Corporations)

Since the founding of the club, the Bohemian Grove's mascot has been an 40-foot owl, symbolizing knowledge which has served as the backdrop of the yearly Cremation of Care ceremony.  The Club's patron saint is John of Nepomuk, who legend says suffered death at the hands of a Bohemian monarch rather than disclose the confessional secrets of the queen.  A large wood carving of St. John in cleric robes with his index finger over his lips stands at the shore of the lake in the Grove, symbolizing the secrecy kept by the Grove's attendees throughout its long history.  The Cremation of Care ceremony was first conducted in 1881.  Each year, a Grove Play is performed for one night during the final weekend of the summer encampment.  The play is a large-scale musical theatrical production, written and composed by club members, involving some 300 people, including chorus, cast, stage crew and orchestra.  The first Grove Play was performed in 1902.

The California Supreme Court found against the Club in 1987, forcing the Club to begin hiring female workers during the summer encampment at the Grove.  "The Bohemian Grove, that I attend from time to time—the Easterners and the others come there—but it is the most faggy goddamn thing you could ever imagine, that San Francisco crowd that goes in there; it's just terrible! I mean I won't shake hands with anybody from San Francisco."—President Richard M. Nixon on the Watergate tapes, Bohemian Club member starting in 1953.  "If I were to choose the speech that gave me the most pleasure and satisfaction in my political career, it would be my Lakeside Speech at the Bohemian Grove in July 1967.  Because this speech traditionally was off the record it received no publicity at the time.  But in many important ways it marked the first milestone on my road to the presidency."—President Richard Nixon, Memoirs (1978).

Zenaide Ragozin. 19th c. Russian citizen in America.  Her article, "Russian Jews and Gentiles" (Century magazine, Nov 1881) is - rather hysterically - complained of by Jewish commentators as "laying the foundations of modern anti-Semitism in America."  Such an exotic and sinister intent does not seem apparent on reading it, however.  She seems only to have wanted to provide that 'free exchange of ideas' so constantly demanded by 'progressive' forces with an alternative view of the situation in Russia, where tsarist "pogroms" were supposedly exterminating innocent Jews.  Actually the reverse seems to have been true, to judge from Poultney Bigelow, Mark Twain, Goldwyn Smith and a whole host of Russian writers – otherwise admitted to be 'great' by Judeo-liberals - that we have cited in this book.  They are a state within a state with power and influence.

 **1881 International Jewish Bankers imposed economic sanctions against the Russian Empire.  After Tsar is killed, Russia was in turmoil and approached the Rothschilds for a loan.  In exchange they demanded Russia make a pact with France (encircling Germany) and lifting all restrictions against Jews.

Tsar Alexander II, who had emancipated the serfs in 1861 and passed a range of local government and military reforms, was assassinated on March 1, 1881 by members of the Peoples' Will, a small militant group, including many Jews.  His successor, Alexander III, was a reactionary who governed with an iron fist. Both the state and the church were subordinate to this autocracy.  He died in 1894 and was succeeded by his son Nicholas II, of the House of Romanov who governed at the time of the 1905 Revolution.  The Jews in Russia, with their religious inclination of Supremacy cheated the Russians, they supplied the gentile vices such as liquor and the banks.  Property became more and more Jewish.  This is the primary reason why Jews have been forbidden property through the centuries.  The Tsars in Christian charity gave much freedom to the Jews in hopes of converting them.  This became as charity to wolves.  Alexander (Aleksandr) II Nikolaevich (4/29, 1818– 3/13, 1881), also known as Alexander the Liberator was the Emperor, or Czar, of the Russian Empire from 3 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881.  He was also the Grand Duke of Finland and the King of Poland.

When Alexander II assumed the throne he decided to try a new way of winning the Jews to willing citizenship in Russia.  Czar Alexander II granted his people, including the Jews, so many liberties that he was called the "Czar Liberator."  This contributed substantially to the downfall of Christian Russia.  Alexander II ordered a wholesale relaxation of oppressive and restraining regulations and Jews were free to attend all schools and universities and to travel without restrictions.   Educated, and free at last to organize nationally, the Jews in Russia became not merely an indigestible mass in the body politic, the characteristic "state within a state," but a formidable anti-Christian government force. With non-Jews of nihilistic or other radical tendencies - the inaptly named Russian "intelligentsia" - they sought in the first instance to further their aims by assassinations.  Czar Alexander II tried to abate the hostility of the "terrorists" by granting more and more concessions, but on the day the last concessions were announced Czar Alexander II was killed by the Jew suicide bomber, Ignacy Grinevitsky - the first suicide bomber.

Elisavetgrad -On Wednesday, April 27, 1881, there was a pogrom against the Jewish citizens of Elisavetgrad.  One third of the city was Jewish.   The attack focused at first on the systematic destruction of Jewish shops and warehouses.   The pawnbrokers offices were the first destroyed, then the taverns and spirit shops, then the other shops.  The Russians took nothing for themselves.  This was the reaction of the Russians towards their exploitation by the Jews.  This would not be the only pogrom against the Jewish population of Elisavetgrad.  In 1905 another riot flared killing Jews and again plundering the Jewish quarter.

"Odessa being a university city, the working of the socialistic propaganda was especially apparent there, and, strange to say, of the students arrested for openly inciting the mob to the plundering and destruction of Ashkenazi property, and to riotous proceedings generally, one was himself an Israelite."- Mme Z Ragozin 1882

 Eugen Karl Dühring (1/12, 1833– 9/21, 1921) was a German philosopher and economist, a socialist who was a strong critic of Marxism.  He published many works with only one in English (1881, The Parties and the Jewish Question).  "Heroic materialism" characterized Dühring's philosophy.  He attacked capitalism, Marxism, organized Christianity and Judaism.  Many scholars believe that Dühring's invention of a modern-sounding antisemitism helped persuade Theodore Herzl that Zionism was the only answer: Herzl acknowledged this over and over in his diaries and correspondence: "I will fight anti-Semitism in the place it originated - in Germany and in Austria," he said in one letter.  He identified the genealogy of modern, racist antisemitism in the writings of the German social scientist Dr. Eugen Duehring in the 1890s.

Dühring, an exceedingly learned scientist, though an avowed atheist, asserts that in “The Anti-Semitic Movement In Europe” “the Jewish question would exist even if all the Jews turned their back upon their own religion and embraced one of the prevailing creeds, or if religion were abolished altogether."  He was one of the first to study Jews as a race whose behavior is hereditary.  Karl Marx, among others, was highly agitated by Dühring's ideas and spent a great deal of time trying to discredit him.

Engels says the following: “Even [Duehring's] hatred of Jews, exaggerated to the verge of absurdity, which he exhibits on every possible occasion, is a feature which if not specifically Prussian is yet specific to the region east of the Elbe. That same philosopher of reality who has a sovereign contempt for all prejudices and superstitions is himself so deeply imbued with personal crotchets that he calls the popular prejudice against the Jews, inherited from the bigotry of the Middle Ages, a "natural judgment" based on "natural grounds," and he rises to the pyramidal heights of the assertion that "socialism is the only power which can oppose population conditions with a strong Jewish admixture."  On the matter of establishing a society without Jews, Duehring allies himself with those who see Jews and Germans as mutually incompatible in the very roots of their being.

  Sept 19, 1881 Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was an American politician who served as the 21st President of the United States. Arthur was a member of the Republican Party and worked as a lawyer before becoming the 20th Vice President under James Garfield.

1/3, 1881 The Daily Record Union (Sacramento, PA), tells how the phrase "Christian Commonwealth" was dropped for "Commonwealth of Freemen" in the Thanksgiving Day proclamation by the Governor of the State of Pennsylvania. Thirty years later, Jews boasted it was due to them that the offensive word "Christian" was dropped.

1882         1882         1882         1882

1882.   The Tisza Eszlar Case Jewish Ritual Murder in Hungary.   A 14 year-old girl is murdered.  She had been bled dry, her blood being collected in a vase.  A number of Jews were arrested, and confessed that they had taken part in the ritual murder of Esther to get her blood for the Passover.  After long drawn out proceedings, the Jews were all acquitted as the result of the Organized Power of Jewish Money.

 Sir William Schwenck Gilbert (11/18 1836 – 5/29 1911) was an English dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator best known for his fourteen comic operas produced in collaboration with the composer Sir Arthur Sullivan, of which the most famous include H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and one of the most frequently performed works in the history of musical theatre, The Mikado.  These, as well as most of their other Savoy operas, continue to be performed regularly throughout the English-speaking world and beyond by opera companies, repertory companies, schools and community theatre groups.  Lines from these works have become part of the English language, such as "short, sharp shock", "What, never? Well, hardly ever!", and "Let the punishment fit the crime".  “The shares are a penny, and ever so many Are taken by Rothschild and Baring, And just a few are alotted to you, You awake with a shudder, despairing!” ("The Nightmare Song," Iolanthe,1882) “Creatures of Impulse has as its 'villain' the miser, Boomblehardt, who although not identified as Jewish in the text, was acted as such in Gilbert's productions. An Old Score portrays Manesseh, a grasping money-factor.  Of Gilbert's great collaborator, Sir Arthur Sullivan, the story is told that Sir Philip Sassoon, the fabulously wealthy 'Rothschild of Asia,' was mortally offended once when, having put pressure on Sullivan to get tickets to a sold-out performance, the composer replied: "Impossible sir; however, if you would spell your name with a B instead of an S, I might be able to get you a chair in the orchestra pit."

The May Laws were anti-Jewish regulations enacted on May 15, 1882, by Czar Alexander III of Russia that were described as "temporary" but remained in effect for more than thirty years.  The laws reflected a systematic policy of discrimination against the Jews.  They banned the Jewish inhabitants of Russia from living in rural areas and towns of fewer than ten thousand people, including within the Pale of Settlement.  In subsequent years, other repressive laws were enacted. Strict quotas were placed on the number of Jews admitted to high schools and universities, and many professions were declared off-limits.  The laws remained in effect until 1917 and provided the impetus for mass emigration.  In the period from 1881 to 1920, more than two million Jews left the Russian Empire, many of whom immigrated to America.

Mark Twain said “The Jews is legislated out of Russia. The reason is not concealed.  The movement was instituted because the Christian peasant stood no chance against his commercial abilities.  The Jew was always ready to lend on a crop.  When settlement day came, he owned the crop, and the next year he owned the farm, like Joseph.”

Konstantin Petrovich Pobyedonostsyev (May 21, 1827 - March 23, 1907) was a Russian jurist, statesman, and adviser to three Tsars.  -"1. The characteristics of the Jewish race are parasitic; for their sustenance they require the presence of another race as 'host,' although they remain aloof and self-contained. Take them from the living organism, put them on a rock, and they die. They cannot cultivate the soil.  "2. Can Russia become a nation of middlemen or subjected to middlemen and entrepreneurs? The Jewish artisans are not really artisans, only colorably so; and they adopt the calling of artisan in order to become brokers, hucksterers, and middlemen. A recent examination made by the Minister of the Interior proved that, out of thirty watchmakers, only two knew their trade; the other twenty-eight were colorably watchmakers, but really money-lenders and middlemen.  "3. The influence of the Jews on the drinking habits of the Russian people has been terrible, while the houses of ill fame are almost entirely kept by Jews."

 ****Jewish Migration happens at times of persecution or other major stress.  Because of the perceived persecution (some real, much self-caused) many Jews left Poland / Russia.  A significant number of the c. 2,000,000 Jews who left Eastern Europe for the West between 1880 and 1914, traveled overwhelmingly to the United States.  Ellis Island immigration demanded that all immigrants had enough cash to establish themselves, often the equivalent today of half a year salary.  This means that in spite of appearing poor, they had been able to save a goodly amount in the old country.  On a massive scale Polish Jews poured into France and Germany and were able to buy and control huge areas of the economy.  Jews from Hungary and Romania in the 1920s - 1930s migrated to Belgium and Holland. 

1884 Marshal Moltke described the anti-social part played by the Jews in Poland.  (There was an area which through the past century has been part of Russia, the Ukraine or Poland. –the Pale of Settlement)

[These Jews, who had migrated after 1880 were those who during the Nazi government were rounded up and sent back to the Polish territories.  The lie is that they were killed in the camps, when in fact the numbers returning to France and other countries after the War were less because the Jews had been re-located back where they began.  The Jewish families which had been part of the national experience and had shown their patriotism were not harmed and over 150,000 Jews served in Hitler’s military.]

 ****Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky (11/11, 1821 – 2/9, 1881) was a Russian writer and essayist, known for his novels “Crime and Punishment” and ”The Brothers Karamazov”.  He had a conversion experience in prison, which greatly strengthened his Christian, and specifically Orthodox, faith.  Dostoyevsky perceived Jewish ethnocentrism and Jewish influence to be directly threatening the Russian peasantry in the border regions.  “Bismarck, Beaconsfield, the French Republic, Gambetta, etc. …all this as a force are nothing, a mere mirage.  It is the Jew alone with his bank who is their master and rules all Europe.  The Jew will suddenly profer VETO and Bismarck will fall as grass cut by a scythe.  The Jew with his bank is the master of education, of civilization, of Socialism above all, by means of which the Jew is going to tear up Christianity by its roots and destroy civilization.  And when nothing but anarchy remains, the Jew will put himself at the head of all.  For while propagating Socialism among all nations, the Jew will remain united among themselves; and when the wealth of Europe is dissipated, the Jew’s bank will remain.”  “JEWS are draining the soil of Russia.”

Excerpts from Diary of a Writer 1873-1881:

“... I know that in the whole world there is certainly no other people who would be complaining as much about their lot, incessantly, after each step and word of theirs -- about their humiliation, their suffering, their martyrdom.  One might think it is not they who are reigning in Europe, who are directing there at least the stock exchanges and, therefore, politics, domestic affairs, the morality of the states.

“... Now, how would it be if in Russia there were not three million Jews, but three million Russians, and there were eighty million Jews -- well, into what would they convert the Russians and how would they treat them?  Would they permit them to acquire equal rights?  Would they permit them to worship freely in their midst?  Wouldn't they convert them into slaves?  Worse than that: wouldn't they skin them altogether?   Wouldn't they slaughter them to the last man, to the point of complete extermination, as they used to do with aliens in ancient times, during their ancient history?

“... It is possible to outline, at least, certain symptoms of that status in statu -- be it only externally.  These symptoms are: alienation and estrangement in the matter of religious dogma; the impossibility of fusion; belief that in the world there exists but one national entity, the Jew, while, even though other entities exist, nevertheless, it should be presumed that they are, as it were, nonexistent.  'Step out of the family of nations and form your own entity, and thou shalt know that henceforth thou art the only one before God; exterminate the rest, or make slaves of them.  Have faith in the conquest of the whole world; adhere to the belief that everything will submit to thee.  Loathe strictly everything, and do not have intercourse with anyone in thy mode of living.  And even when thou shalt lose the land, thy political individuality, even when thou shalt be dispersed all over the face of the earth, amidst all nations -- never mind, have faith in everything that has been promised thee, once and forever; believe that all this will come to pass, and meanwhile live, loathe, unite, and exploit -- and wait, wait ....

 “Thus, Jewry is thriving precisely there where the people are still ignorant, or not free, or economically backward.  It is there that Jewry has a champ libre.  And instead of raising, by its influence, the level of education, instead of increasing knowledge, generating economic fitness in the native population -- instead of this the Jew, wherever he has settled, has still more humiliated and debauched the people; there humaneness was still more debased and the educational level fell still lower; there inescapable, inhuman misery, and with it despair, spread still more disgustingly. Ask the native population in our border regions: What is propelling the Jew -- and has been propelling him for centuries? You will receive a unanimous answer: mercilessness.  'He has been prompted so many centuries only by pitilessness to us, only by the thirst for our sweat and blood.'

“And, in truth, the whole activity of the Jews in these border regions of ours consisted of rendering the native population as much as possible inescapably dependent on them, taking advantage of the local laws.  They have always managed to be on friendly terms with those upon whom the people were dependent.  Point to any other tribe from among Russian aliens which could rival the Jew by his dreadful influence in this connection! You will find no such tribe.  In this respect the Jew preserves all his originality as compared with other Russian aliens, and of course, the reason therefore is that status of statu of his, that spirit of which specifically breathes pitilessness for everything that is not Jew, with disrespect for any people and tribe, for every human creature who is not a Jew....

“Now, what if somehow, for some reason, our rural commune [i.e., the institutionalized system of Russian peasant society] should disintegrate, that commune which is protecting our poor native peasant against so many ills; what if, straightaway, the Jew and his whole kehillah [i.e., organized Jewry] should fall upon that liberated peasant -- so inexperienced, so incapable of resisting temptation, and who up to this time has been guarded precisely by the commune?  Why, of course, instantly this would be his end; his entire property, his whole strength, the very next day would come under the power of the Jew, and there would ensue such an era as can be compared not only with the era of serfdom but even with that of the Tartar yoke.

?? "Their kingdom is at hand, their perfect kingdom. The triumph of those ideas is approaching in the presence of which the sentiments of humanity are mute, the thirst for truth, the Christian and national feelings and even the common pride of the peoples of Europe.  That which is coming, on the contrary, is materialism, the blind and grasping appetite for personal material wellbeing, the thirst for the accumulation of money by any means; that is all which is regarded as a higher aim, such as reason, such as liberty, instead of the Christian ideal of salvation by the sole means of the close moral and brotherly union between men.  People will laugh at this, and say that it does not in the least proceed from the Jews...Was the late James de Rothschild of Paris a bad man?  We are speaking about Judaism and the Jewish idea which has monopolized the whole world, instead of defective Christianity.  A thing will come about which nobody can yet even imagine.  All this parliamentarism, these theories regarding the community  which are believed today, these accumulations of wealth, the banks, science, all that will collapse in the winking of an eye and without leaving a trace behind, except the Jews however, who will  know then what they have to do, so that even this will be for their gain.  All this is near, close  by...Yes, Europe is on the eve of collapse, a universal, terrible and general collapse...To me  Bismarck, Beaconsfield the French Republic, Gambetta and others, are all only appearances.  Their master, who is the same for everyone else and for the whole of Europe, is the Jew and  his bank. We shall still see the day when he shall pronounce his veto and Bismarck will be unexpectedly swept away like a piece of straw.

Judaism and the banks now reign over all, as  much over Europe as over education, the whole of civilization and socialism, especially over  socialism, for with its help Judaism will root out Christianity and destroy Christian culture.  And if nothing but anarchy results the Jew will be found directing all;  for although preaching socialism he will remain nevertheless in his capacity of Jew along with  the brothers of his race, outside socialism, and when all the substance of Europe has been pillaged only the Jewish bank will subsist."   Fedor Dostoievsky) (The contemporary political commercialism, business above everything, business considered as the supreme aim of human effort, comes directly from Jew Ricardo.)  

“Now Jews are becoming landowners - and everywhere people write and shout that Jews are draining the soil of Russia; that a Jew, after having invested a certain amount of capital in the purchase of an estate, in order to retrieve the capital plus interest, promptly exhausts all productive forces of the purchased land.  Yet try to say something about this and people will immediately start vociferating about the violation of the principle of economic freedom and civil equality. But what kind of equality is this if we have here an obvious and Talmudic state within the state, above all and in the first place?  If this is not only the exhausting of the soil but also the future exhaustion of our peasant, who having been liberated from the landowners, unquestionably and very soon will be driven - as a commune in corpore - into a much worse slavery of far more pernicious land owners – those same landowners who have already drained the sap out of the peasant in West Russia; those who are now not only purchasing estates and peasants, but have begun to buy liberal opinion, and who continue to do so quite successfully.”

“They already dominate all international politics, and what will follow - the Jews themselves know full well: their kingdom is coming, their complete empire.” ("Status in Statu")

In Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s 1880 novel The Brothers Karamazov, the character, Liza, a 14 year old girl says: “... is it true that at Easter, Yids steal children and kill them? ... There's a book here in which I read about some trial, and a Yid who took a four-year-old child and cut off the fingers from both his little hands, and then crucified him on the wall, hammered nails into him, and crucified him, and afterwards at the trial he said that the child died quickly, within four hours. That was 'quickly'! He said the child moaned, kept on moaning and he stood admiring it. That's nice!"  Liza also mentions Host desecration and matzos made with Christian child's blood At Tiflis, On the eve of the Jewish Passover in 1879, the body of Sarra Modebadze a local peasant girl, was found murdered in the woods near Kutaisi in Georgia. Nine local Jews were tried in March 1879 for her abduction and slaughter, but the court found them innocent of all charges. Dostoyevsky, on March 28, 1879 wrote to Olga Novikova, a Russian aristocrat, writer and "anti-Semitie", who often resided in London: “How disgusting is the acquittal of the Kutaisian Yids. There is no doubt they are guilty. –

 Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenarian Christian denomination, with their own New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures.  The group emerged from the Bible Student movement of 1872, founded by Charles Taze Russell (2/16, 1852 – 10/31, 1916), and further with the formation of Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881.  The name Jehovah's Witnesses was adopted in 1931.  Russell was a freemason and funded by Jews.  Charles Taze Russell was an early advocate of Zionism.

1880’s Russia and Germany began as economic partners, but Russia begins pan-Slavic movement to unite all Slavic-speaking nations.  Germany reacts to unite all German-speakers.  Russia turns to France.

****Theoretical Empires:  Pan-Turanism; Pan-Germanism, Pan-Slavism. (see Berlin Conference of 1884 for Real Empires)

 Pan-Turanism - Traditional history cites its early origins amongst Ottoman officers and intelligentsia studying and residing in 1870s Imperial Germany. …they (the Turks) could form a political entity stretching from the Altai Mountains in Eastern Asia to the Bosphorus.  Hungarian Turanism stresses the alleged origins of the Hungarian people in the steppes of Central Asia ("Turan") and the affinity of the Hungarians with Asian peoples such as the Turks.

 Pan-Germanism sought to unify the populations of Germanic Europe including the Low Countries and Scandinavia.  Pan-Germanism began with the birth of Romantic nationalism during the Napoleonic Wars, with Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and Ernst Moritz Arndt being early proponents. It was widespread among the revolutionaries of 1848, notably among Richard Wagner and the Brothers Grimm.  Writers such as Friedrich List and Paul Anton Lagarde argued for German hegemony in Central and Eastern Europe, where German domination in some areas had begun as early as the 9th century AD with the Ostsiedlung, Germanic expansion into Slavic and Baltic lands.  For the Pan-Germanists this movement was seen as a Drang Nach Osten, in which Germans would be naturally inclined to seek Lebensraum by moving eastwards to reunite with the German minorities there.  The Deutschlandlied ("Song of Germany"), written in 1841 by Hoffmann von Fallersleben, in its first stanza defines Deutschland as reaching " From the Meuse to the Memel / From the Adige to the Belt", i.e. as including East Prussia and South Tyrol.

The German Empire ("Second Reich") was created in 1871 following the proclamation of Wilhelm I as head of a union of German-speaking states.  There was also a rejection of Roman Catholicism with the Away from Rome! movement calling for German speakers to identify with Lutheran or Old Catholic churches.  Pan-Germanic tendencies were also widespread among the Norwegian independence movement, notably proposed by Peter Andreas Munch, and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson.  Also prominent cultural personalities like Knut Hamsun and Henrik Ibsen expressed sympathy for the Pan-German idea.  Bjørnson, who wrote the lyrics for the Norwegian national anthem, proclaimed in 1901: “I'm a Pan-Germanist, I'm a Teuton, and my greatest dream is for the Northern Germans and the Western Germans to unite in a fellow Confederation.”  Following the defeat in World War I, influence of German-speaking elites over Central and Eastern Europe was greatly limited.  At the Treaty of Versailles Germany was substantially reduced in size.  Austria-Hungary was split up.

 Pan-Slavism was aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples.  The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires, Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice.

The limitations of the Pale, Diky explains, "did not apply to the following categories of Jews: Those of nonJudaic faith, merchants of the first guild (that is, the more well-to-do Jews) dentists, doctors and lawyers, pharmacists, mechanics, distillers, brewers . specialists and artisans salesmen and sales agents who worked for the Jewish merchants of the first guild.  Owing to the existence of these numerous exceptions and the skillful use of them by the Jews, there was not at the beginning of the 20th century, a single city in Russia that did not have a large Jewish colony."

The presence in these cities of rich Jews living in splendid residences and palaces and attending religious worship in richly ornamented synagogues showed that the boundaries of the Pale were easy to overstep. On the other hand, the Pale did have limitations for poor Jews in Poland and southwest Russia -a condition which provoked a great deal of sympathetic response from the Western liberal press.

By the middle 1880s, in spite of the Pale, Jews began to dominate the Russian educational system For example, 41.5% of the medical faculty of Kharkov University was Jewish in 1886, as was 30.7% of the medical faculty and 41.2% of the law faculty of Odessa University Because of this large and increasing disproportion, the Russian government in 1887 introduced" percentage quotas" which limited Jews to 10% in high schools and universities in the Pale, 5% outside the Pale, and 3% in Moscow. The quotas did not receive their desired results, however, since many Jews began to change their religion, mostly to Protestant denominations, and thus ceased to be counted as Jews.

"Life of Jesus" (1882) by Bernhard Weiß (6/20, 1827 – 1/14, 1918) was a German Protestant theologian.  It was based on analysis of the source Q and the Gospel of Mark.

 Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (11/30, 1817 – 11/1, 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician, archaeologist and writer generally regarded as the greatest classicist of the 19th century.  His work regarding Roman history is still of fundamental importance for contemporary research.  He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902.  His works on Roman law and on the law of obligations had a significant impact on the German civil code (BGB).

“The strange, tough resilient people in the old times in the world today and everywhere nowhere at home everywhere and nowhere and powerful. - How many, even in Rome already Caesar against the Jewish population, and at the same time as the country team performance closely Jews even then stuck together, proves the remark of a writer this time, that there was concern for the governor, the Jews to follow in his province to close because then he could certainly count on after his return from the capital's populace to be booed.  Even at that time was the predominant business of the Jews Trade: with the conquering Roman merchant then the Jewish merchants moved anywhere out how later flowed with the Genoese and Venetian, and as with the Roman everywhere in the capital of the Jewish merchants together.  Also at that time, finally we meet the actual antipathy against the Occidentals this so thoroughly Oriental race and their strange customs and opinions.  This Judaism, although not the most enjoyable train anywhere in the positive image of the then Völkermengung, was nevertheless a natural course of things in the evolving historical moment that the statesman could neither deny combat and Rather, the Caesar, just as his predecessor Alexander, in the correct knowledge Conditions did as feed. -  When Alexander, the founder of the Alexandrian Judaism, so not much less for the nation did as their own by David Temple of Jerusalem, Caesar also promoted by the Jews in Alexandria and in Rome special favors and privileges and protected in particular their peculiar worship against the Roman as against the Greek local priests.  The two great men thought not of course prevent the Greek or Italian-Greek nationality, the Jewish equal to join partners.  But the Jew who does not like the Occidental Pandora gift political Organisation received and much against the state itself indifferent acts, further as hard core peculiarity of its national give up as readily covered the same with any nationality and one to some degree of foreign popularity huddles - the Jew was for that very reason as created for a state to living on the rubble of hundreds of policies built and with a sense abstractive and worn from the start Should be equipped Nationalilät.  Even in the ancient world was the Jewish one effective ferment of cosmopolitanism and national Dekomposition1) ... "-Mommsen, History of Rome, 7.Aufl., 3.Bd., S.549. Berlin 1882 (google translate)

1883         1883         1883         1883

 Life Magazine was born January 4, 1883 as a partnership between John Ames Mitchell (1844–1918) and Andrew Miller.  Mitchell used a $10,000 inheritance to invest in the weekly magazine, served as its publisher.  Mitchell was sometimes accused of outright anti-Semitism. When the magazine blamed the theatrical team of Klaw & Erlanger for Chicago's grisly Iroquois Theater Fire in 1903, a national uproar ensued.  His magazine hit back with cartoons of grotesque Jews with enormous noses. 

"The great ideal of Judaism is that the whole world shall be imbued with Jewish teachings, and that in a Universal Brotherhood of Nations a greater Judaism, in fact  all the separate races and religions shall disappear." (Jewish World, February 9, 1883).

John Ames Mitchell (1844-1918) was a publisher, architect, artist and novelist - a Renaissance man.  In 1883 he co-founded Life magazine and held a 75 percent interest in the magazine until his deaths.  Yet, so hostile was Mitchell to the Jews - and to the millionaires and venal politicians - that his magazine would be unpublishable in modern America.  At the turn of the century, Mitchell wrote in an editorial: "There is little sympathy here in America for the Jew.  He has contaminated everything that he has touched."

 ****Wilhelm Richard Wagner (5/22, 1813 – 2/13, 1883) was a German composer, conductor, theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas.  Wagner's influence on literature and philosophy is significant.  Friedrich Nietzsche was part of Wagner's inner circle during the early 1870s, and his first published work The Birth of Tragedy proposed Wagner's music as the Dionysian rebirth of European culture in opposition to Apollonian rationalist decadence.  He wrote "Judaism in Music.”  The essay attacks Jewish contemporaries (and rivals) Felix Mendelssohn and Giacomo Meyerbeer, and accused "Jews" of being a harmful and alien element in German culture.  Wagner stated the German people were repelled by Jews' alien appearance and behavior: "with all our speaking and writing in favour of the Jews' emancipation, we always felt instinctively repelled by any actual, operative contact with them."  He argued that because "Jews" had no connection to the German spirit, Jewish musicians were only capable of producing shallow and artificial music.  They therefore composed music to achieve popularity and, thereby, financial success, as opposed to creating genuine works of art.  Adolf Hitler was an admirer of Wagner's music and saw in his operas an embodiment of his own vision of the German nation.  Wagner “The Jew, wholly divorced from the Volksgeist (spirit of the race) has no passion, no soul, no ‘inner capacity for life’, no true music or poetry.  He is a cold, loveless, purely cerebral being.”  Wagner in 1881 writes to Ludwig II of Bavaria: “I hold the Jewish race to be born enemy of pure humanity and everything noble in it.  It is certain that it is running us Germans to the ground, and I am perhaps the last German who knows how to hold himself in the face of Judaism, which already rules everything.”  "Emancipation from the yoke of Judaism appears to us the foremost necessity."

“Since here it is merely in respect of art, and especially of music, that we want to explain to ourselves the popular dislike of the Jewish nature, even at the present day, we may completely pass over any concern with this same phenomenon in the field of religion and politics . . . In pure politics we have never come to actual conflict with the Jews; we 'have even granted them the erection of a Jerusalemitic realm, and in this respect we have rather had to regret that Herr v. Rothschild was too keen-witted to make himself King of the Jews, preferring, as is well known, to remain 'The Jew of the Kings' . . .

“The Jew - who as everyone knows has a God all to himself -in ordinary life strikes us primarily by his outward appearance, which no matter to what European nationality we belong has something disagreeably foreign to that nationality: instinctively we wish to have nothing in common with a man who looks like that ... But far more weighty, nay, of quite decisive weight for our enquiry, is the effect the Jew produces on us through his speech; and this is the essential point from which to view the Jewish influence upon music.  The Jew speaks the language of the nation in whose midst he dwells from generation to generation, but he speaks it always as an alien ... If we hear a Jew speak, we are unconsciously offended by the entire want of purely human expression in his discourse: the cold indifference of its peculiar blabber never by any chance rises to the ardour of a higher, heartfelt passion ... Now if the aforesaid qualities of his dialect make the Jew almost incapable of giving artistic enunciation to his feelings and beholdings through speech, his aptitude for such an enunciation through song must needs be infinitely smaller.  Song is just talk aroused to highest passion: music is the speech of passion. All that worked repellently upon us in his outward appearance and his speech makes us take to our heels at last in his song, providing we are not held prisoners by the ridicule of this phenomenon. . .

"The Jew has never had an art of his own, hence never a live of art-enabling import... "So long as the separate art of music had a real organic life-need in it, down to the epochs of Mozart and Beethoven, there was nowhere to be found a Jew composer: it was utterly impossible for an element quiet foreign to that living organism to take a part in the formative stages of that life.  Only when a body's inner death is manifest, do outside elements win the power of judgment in it - yet merely to destroy it.”

“On one thing am I clear: that is the influence which the Jews have gained upon our mental life, as displayed in the deflection and falsification of our highest culture-tendencies.  Whether the downfall of our culture can be arrested by a violent rejection of the destructive alien element, I am unable to decide, since that would require forces with whose existence I am unacquainted.” (Judaism in Music)

“The Jew, as everybody knows, keeps his God for himself. He surprises us with something unpleasantly strange.  Unintentionally we have the desire not to have anything in common with them.  A mixture even does no harm to him.  He has mixed himself with other hetrogeneous races.  But there always remain the Jew.  His instinct is closed to any ideology.  He is the plastic demon of the fall of humanity in triumphant assurance...”

Parsifal is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner.  It is loosely based on Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival, the 13th century epic poem of the Arthurian knight Parzival (Percival) and his quest for the Holy Grail, and on Chrétien de Troyes' Perceval, the Story of the Grail.  Parsifal was first produced at the second Bayreuth Festival in 1882.  The use of Christian symbols in Parsifal (the Grail, the Spear, references to the Redeemer) led to performances being regarded almost as a religious rite.  It should be noted, however, that Wagner never actually refers to Jesus Christ by name in the opera, preferring instead to refer to "The Redeemer".  In his essay "Religion and Art" Wagner himself described the use of Christian imagery thus:  "When religion becomes artificial, art has a duty to rescue it.  Art can show that the symbols which religions would have us believe literally true are actually figurative.  Art can idealize those symbols, and so reveal the profound truths they contain."

Tannhäuser is an opera in three acts, music and text by Richard Wagner, based on the two German legends of Tannhäuser and the song contest at Wartburg. The story centers on the struggle between sacred and profane love, and redemption through love, a theme running through most of Wagner's mature work.

(The Ring of the Nibelung) is a cycle of four epic operas by Richard Wagner written between 1848 to 1874.  The works are based loosely on characters from the Norse sagas and the Nibelungenlied.  The four dramas are often referred to as the Ring Cycle.  The four operas are  (The Rhine Gold), (The Valkyrie), Siegfried, Twilight of the Gods(Götterdämmerung).  See Nibelungenlied, 1190.

 1883 Pinocchio is a fictional character that first appeared in 1883, in The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi, and has since appeared in many adaptations of that story and others.  Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a small Italian village, he was created as a wooden puppet, but dreamt of becoming a real boy.  Pinocchio is often a term used to describe an individual who is prone to telling lies, fabricating stories and exaggerating or creating tall tales for various reasons.  Mangiafuoco ("Fire-Eater") is the fictional wealthy director of the Great Marionette Theatre who appears in Carlo Collodi's book The Adventures of Pinocchio.  He is described as "...a large man so ugly, he evoked fear by simply being looked at.  He had a beard as black as a smudge of ink and so long that it fell from his chin down to the ground: enough said that when he walked, he stepped on it.  His mouth was as wide as an oven, his eyes were like two red tinted lanterns with the light turned on at the back, and with his hands, he sported a large whip made of snakes and fox tails knotted together."  Though imposing, Mangiafuoco is portrayed as easily moved to compassion, which he expresses through sneezing.  Though the character's traits are mostly Italian, characteristics such as Stromboli's facial expressions, obsession with wealth and long black 'goat's beard' have led to associations with Jewish stereotypes and accusations of anti-Semitism.

The Tiszaeszlár Affair, was an accusation of ritual murder against Jews in Hungary, which led to a trial that set off anti-semitic agitation in 1882 and 1883.

Geza von Onody launched the Tisza-Eszlar ritual murder prosecution. Later, he joined with Adolf Stocker of Germany and his fellow Hungarian, Victor von Istoczy, to organize the first International Anti-Jewish Congress at Dresden in 1882.  Von Onody was widely recognized as one of the great orators of his day.    

 William Graham Sumner (10/30, 1840 – 4/12, 1910) was a Polymath with numerous books and essays on American history, economic history, political theory, sociology, and anthropology. Sumner is often seen as a proto-libertarian.  He was also the first to teach a course entitled "Sociology".  Sumner was a critic of natural rights, famously arguing "Before the tribunal of nature a man has no more right to life than a rattlesnake; he has no more right to liberty than any wild beast; his right to pursuit of happiness is nothing but a license to maintain the struggle for existence..."  He wrote “The Forgotten Man” (1883) which praised the common working man and suggested to let the welfare class perish.

Hermann Leberecht Strack (5/6, 1848–1922) was a German Protestant theologian and Orientalist.  He was the foremost Christian authority in Germany on Talmudic and rabbinic literature, and studied rabbinics under Steinschneider.  Since the reappearance of anti-Semitism in Germany, Strack had been the champion of the Jews against the attacks of Stoecker, Rohling, and others. In 1883 he founded the Institutum Judaicum, which aims at the conversion of Jews to Christianity.  In the beginning of his career the Prussian government sent Strack to St. Petersburg to examine the Bible manuscripts there; on this occasion he examined also the antiquities of the Firkovich collection, which he declared to be forgeries.  This claim was found to be untrue: the Firkovich collection is closely related to Cairo Geniza material found by Solomon Schechter.

 Prince of Hohenlohe (Chlodwig Carl Viktor, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince of Ratibor and Corvey) (3/31, 1819 – 7/6, 1901), was a German statesman, who served as Chancellor of Germany and Prime Minister of Prussia from 1894 to 1900. Prior to his appointment as Chancellor, he had served in a number of other positions, including as Prime Minister of Bavaria (1866–1870), German Ambassador to Paris (1873–1880), Foreign Secretary (1880) and Imperial Lieutenant of Alsace-Lorraine (1885–1894). He was regarded as one of the most prominent liberal politicians of his time in Germany.  In 1883, Hohenlohe was touring the US and Canada.  New York Herald: Sept 8, 1883, THE JEWS.: "What is the trouble concerning the Jews in Germany?"  "The Jews want too much. When they attain power at all they want to control. The feeling against them and the action against them are stronger in Russia and Austria than in Germany. The Jews control the chief banking business, and you will always find that when they become too strong in any country the common people turn upon them."  "Do not the Jews control the press to a great extent in Germany?" "Yes, and in all Europe."

An 1883 interview with renowned Kabbalist Dr. Seth Pancoast, in which he advises the best wood to make magic wands: “... the divining rod must not be confounded with the magic wand of the Kabbalah. The two are entirely different. The magic wand is used for controlling intelligences as a hand of authority. It controls this intelligence. Thus, I will intelligently a desire (sic). That desire never dies until it is fulfilled, or until it meets a counter desire. In willing this desire the wand is used, and is of vast power. The distinction between the diving rod and the wand is that the former controls energies or physical substances, while the latter rules over intelligence or spirits."  "What makes the best rod?" "The slender branches of the hazel tree, or as it is sometimes called witch hazelwood. There is something singular about the hazelwood in its power of transmitting what we call subjective energy. It has this power more than any other wood. The oak is the next best, though in other countries, notably in Europe, the wood of the rowan tree is greatly used. The hazel tree surpasses all, however, just as certain metals are better than others as conductors of electricity, copper, for instance, being one of the best. So is the wood of the hazel tree the best to convey subjective energy." - The Carroll Herald – 10/17, 1883

1884         1884         1884         1884

 1884 Hans Delbrück (11/11, 1848 – 7/14, 1929) was a German historian.  Delbrück was one of the first modern military historians, basing his method of research on the critical examination of ancient sources, the use of auxiliary disciplines, like demography and economics, to complete the analysis and the comparison between different epochs to trace the evolution of military institutions.  He was a member of the German Delegation during the Versailles Peace Conference that ended World War I where he mainly endeavored to prove that Germany could not be made solely responsible for the outbreak of war.  He regarded warfare as a cultural feature of societies, subject to evolution and influenced by the economy and the political system.  His works, however, were not translated into English for some time, hence the reputation of him held by professional military theorists in English-speaking countries has not reached the significance of Clausewitz, for example.  Delbrück's conclusions regarding ancient warfare were revolutionary.  He showed that the figures for armies in antiquity were inflated in the sources and the winner in a battle usually had more troops than the loser.  He gave a completely new interpretation to some of the most famous battles in history, like Marathon, Gaugamela and Zama.  He concluded that the advantage of Roman armies over the "barbarians" rested, not so much in their discipline and refined tactics, but rather in their logistical support.  The Romans were able to raise and maintain huge armies on the field, while the "barbarians" were unable to match them.  Delbrück was also very critical of his country's strategy during World War I.  He said it would have been much better to seek victory in the Eastern front, gain minor objectives on the West and then seek peace.  This was one example of the general principle, Delbrück maintained, that military and political maneuvers should be integrated.  In 1884, he defined his newspaper’s position as “For the Emperor, against the Pope, against federalism, against parliamentarianism and against capitalism.”

  1884 Jan 4 -The Fabian Society is a British socialist movement, whose purpose is to advance the principles of democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist, rather than revolutionary, means.    Fabian Socialism originated in 1884 and launched the Labour Party in the United Kingdom in 1904, utilizes the strategy of a "war of attrition" in their aim to bring about a socialist state.  Leon Trotsky wrote that Fabianism was an attempt to save capitalism from the working class.  The society began attracting many prominent contemporary figures drawn to its socialist cause, including George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, Annie Besant, Graham Wallas, Hubert Bland, Edith Nesbit, Sydney Olivier, Oliver Lodge, Leonard Woolf and Virginia Woolf, Ramsay MacDonald and Emmeline Pankhurst.  Even Bertrand Russell briefly became a member, but resigned after he expressed his belief that the Society's principle of entente (in this case, countries allying themselves against Germany) could lead to war.

 Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp (3/19, 1848 – 1/13, 1929) was an American peace officer in various Western frontier towns, farmer, teamster, buffalo hunter, gambler, saloon-keeper, miner and boxing referee.  He is best known for his participation in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, along with Doc Holliday, and two of his brothers, Virgil Earp and Morgan Earp.    Jew Josephine Sarah Marcus (born ca. 1861 - died December 19, 1944) was an American actress, professional dancer, and prostitute(?).  Earp left San Francisco with Josie in 1883, and she became his companion for the next forty-six years.

 Gustave Tridon (Edme-Marie Gustave) (1841 -1871), was a French politician, journalist, and personality of the Paris Commune.  He has various books on the Girondins, the Hebertists and Commune of 1793 and a book Semitic Jew “Le Molochisme Juif” (“The Jewish Moloch”) posthumously titled and subtitled critical and philosophical studies, published in 1884, where he considers that the Jews‘ religion  'is a relic of the worship of Moloch’.  Gustave Tridon, in his book Le Molochisme Juif, calls the Jew, "The stain in the picture of civilization, the bad genius of the earth. His gifts are pests.  To fight the Semitic ideas is the duty of the Aryan race."

Laurence Gronlund (July 13, 1846 - October 15, 1899) was a Danish/American lawyer and socialist.  “Our era may be called the Jewish Age.  The Jews have indeed had a remarkable influence on our civilization.  Long ago they infused in our race the idea of one God, and now they have made our whole race worship a new true God – the Golden Calf... Jewish, to our mind, best expresses that special curse of our age, Speculation.” (The Co-operative Commonwealth,1884)  Not surprisingly, perhaps, Gronlund is never mentioned by the present proprietors of 'socialism,' even though he was a brilliant writer who counted among his admirers such figures as George Bernard Shaw.

1884 “Today”, the British monthly of Scientific Socialism, said that "economically and socially Jews are our antagonists".

4/5, 1884 “Justice”, of the British Social Democratic Federation, claimed that: "Jew moneylenders now control every Foreign Office in Europe"

****The Berlin Conference also "Congo Conference" of 1884–85 regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.  Called for by Portugal and organized by Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany, its outcome, the General Act of the Berlin Conference, can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa.  The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, while simultaneously eliminating most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance.

Dutch Colonial Empire about 1900:

Portuguese Colonies about 1900:

****German Colonies in Africa and Elsewhere

 German Missionaries in Southwest Africa (c. 1910) Christian missionaries were part of European colonization.  When Germany acquired colonies, German missionaries went there to educate and Christianize the indigenous peoples.  Here is the first-grade class in a missionary school (elementary school) in Windhuk, Southwest Africa around 1910.

  Swakopmund: Two Views (c. 1905 and c. 1908) - Swakopmund: View from the South with the Hotel Bismarck and the Rudolph Herzog Company Building in the Foreground (c. 1905), and Swakopmund: Gardens with the Wörmann Trading Company Building and the Hansa Hotel in the Background (c. 1908)

Founded in 1892, Swakopmund was the main harbor and second largest town (after Windhoek) in German Southwest Africa, the former German colony known today as Namibia.  The city's location was less than ideal in that the coastline offered no natural protection and the navigable waters proved shallow.  The German colonial era was short-lived. German Southwest Africa fell into the hands of South Africa at the beginning of the First World War.  The colonies were also economically insignificant, producing only 0.1% of German imports and receiving only 0.1% of all German exports.  Today, Swakopmund is known as an attractive Namibian vacation destination.  Original examples of German colonial era architecture are among its most popular tourist attractions.  The old German train station, for example, is now a hotel and casino.

As in Palestine (see 1868) The regional developments are exemplified by the foundation of settlements, schools, hospices, training centers, hospitals and orphanages, trade connections, agricultural methods, tools and techniques.  It found expression in the spheres of infrastructure including: transportation (wheelbarrow, carriages), communication (telegraph, telephone), crafts and industry, land purchase, building and architecture, the introduction of modern technology and agricultural settlement, training, and the introduction of new agricultural methods, species, tools and machinery.  Impacts in the social and cultural arena were expressed in the spheres of youth education, adult education, women and women’s education, language, press and printing, culture, health, welfare, food and dress.

(Also see 1934 description) The German Imperialists were the kindest of the Europeans. The Portuguese and Dutch were the worst.

Laurence Gronlund (7/13, 1846 – 10/15, 1899) was an American lawyer and socialist.  He was born, raised and educated in Denmark, moving to America in 1867, where he first taught German, but soon became a lawyer.  He was also a socialist who wrote many books and newspaper articles pushing the theory.  In 1884, he wrote The Co-operative Commonwealth in its Outlines, An Exposition of Modern Socialism.  “Our era may be called the Jewish Age, The Jews have, indeed, had a remarkable influence on our civilization. Long ago they infused in our race the idea of one God, and now they have made our whole race worship a new true God : The Golden Calf; but, again, it is Jews—such noble Jews as Karl Marx and Lassalle— who have sounded the alarm for the most determined battle against this very Jewism. "Jewism," to our mind, best expresses that special curse of our age. Speculation the transfer of wealth from others to themselves by chicanery without giving an equivalent.                 If there is one species of gambling more despicable than another, it is gambling in grain. The sales of grain on our Produce-Exchanges are merely gambling transactions Cliques of the wealthiest men in Chicago, Milwaukee and New York, having behind them banks and other moneyed corporations, make enormous combinations of capital to "corner" the market, locking up millions of bushels of wheat, and maintain famine-prices in the midst of plenty. Their profits are enormous.”

1885         1885         1885         1885

 Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States.  Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897) and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents. He was the only Democrat elected to the presidency in the era of Republican political domination that lasted from 1861 to 1913.  Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism and subsidies to business, farmers or veterans.  His battles for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era.  Cleveland won praise for his honesty, independence, integrity, and commitment to the principles of classical liberalism.  Cleveland relentlessly fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. Indeed, as a reformer his prestige was so strong that the reform wing of the Republican Party, called "Mugwumps", largely bolted the GOP ticket and swung to his support in 1884.

Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant (8/5, 1850 – 7/6, 1893) was a popular French writer and considered one of the fathers of the modern short story.  In Bel-Ami (1885)“After all, if you're wealthy enough you can be certain of buying any political or social success that you want, even if you are a despised Jew”.  In The Venus of Braniza “Do you believe that all the Jews will ever become virtuous,” the Venus continued. “How am I to believe that!”

1885 “Le Baron Vampire” (1885) by Guy de Charnacé was a French dramatist.  In Le Baron Vampire, Rabbi Schmoul makes his pile through sundry shady dealings, and goes to Paris, where he crashes into high society as "Baron Rakowitz".   He eventually is able to take revenge on a count who, long before, had unwittingly offended him.

  Sir Henry Rider Haggard, KBE (6/22 1856 – 5/14 1925) was an English writer of adventure novels set in exotic locations, predominantly Africa, and a founder of the Lost World literary genre.  He wrote King Solomon's Mines (1885) which tells of a search of an unexplored region of Africa by a group of adventurers led by Allan Quatermain.  Allan Quatermain, the adventure hero of King Solomon's Mines was a template for the character Indiana Jones.  Haggard was charged with anti-Semitism because of the Jewish slimeball character Jacob Meyer in Haggard's "The Spirit of Bambatse" (1906) and “Benita, An African Romance” (1906), but in "Margaret"(1907), Haggard takes pains to show us that John Castell, a Marano Jew, is one of the most decent men of his day, and of an "ancient and honorable" race.  His “Moon of Israel: a Tale of the Exodus”(1920) became a popular Yiddish edition.  Haggard had been a Zionist but after 1915 equated Jews with Communism.  Haggard was a Teutonophobe.  He was ¼ Jew.  It is said that he believed in a Jewish worldwide conspiracy.

The Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould (1/28 1834 – 1/2 1924) was an English hagiographer, antiquarian, novelist and eclectic scholar.  He admitted that Germany had few villages "without some Jews who do not cultivate land themselves, but lie in wait like spiders for the failing Bauer." (Germany, Present and Past)

William Dean Howells (March 1, 1837 – May 11, 1920) was a realist author and literary critic.  Nicknamed "The Dean of American Letters", he was particularly known for his tenure as editor of the Atlantic Monthly as well as his own writings, including the Christmas story "Christmas Every Day" and the novel The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885).   The first version of his The Rise of Silas Lapham, published in Century magazine in 1884, contained frank passages on how Jews moving into a neighborhood could send real-estate prices down.  Cyrus Sulzberger, editor of American Hebrew magazine, together with other Jews, deluged Howells with protests and demands that he delete the offending phrases from the forthcoming book version of the story.  Mystified at the furor, Howells omitted the material, but he privately expressed bitterness at the Jews' action in letters to Mark Twain.  Another Howells novel, A Modern Instance (1882), contains unflattering remarks about Jewish commercial types.

Arminius Vamberg or Hermann Wamberger (3/19 1832 -9/15 1913) was a Hungarian Orientalist, Turkologist , traveler and presumed secret agent in the British services.  He was born into a Orthodox Jewish family.  Vámbéry was one of the European scholars who tried the nationalist ideology of Turanism to be scientifically justified. Basis of his defense of the irredentist aspirations of Pan-Turkism was his 1885 published book The Turkish people.  After living in Khiva , Tehran , Trebizond , Bukhara , Samarkand and Herat , he returned to Constantinople. His Travels and Adventures in Travel Report Central Asia appeared in 1864 and was received throughout Europe with great interest.  This was especially true for England, which at that time Russia was fighting for supremacy in Central Asia (The Great Game ).

Vámbérys son Rustem Vámbéry (1872-1948), Jew/Hungarian criminal lawyer and politician, was a personal friend of Sultan Abdulhamid II.  In 1901, Vambery, Thbeodore Herzl and the Sultan began talks to carve out Palestine for the Jews.  Turkey asked for 5000 British pounds.  Vámbéry was the inspiration for the novel Dracula by Bram Stoker by telling him the legend.

In Budapest, Hungary, a common saying: “The Jew lies, he is a swindler, a boaster, like all his fellow believers.”

 Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky (11/28, 1822 – 11/7, 1885) was a Russian naturalist, economist, ethnologist, philosopher, historian, and ideologue of the pan-Slavism and Slavophile movement who expounded a view of world history as circular.  Danilevsky is mainly remembered for his opposition to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and for his theory of historical-cultural types.  Danilevsky's main work in this area is Darwinism: Critical research (1885), which brings together more than 1,200 pages of arguments against Darwin's theory.  Danilevsky first published "Russia and Europe: a look at the cultural and political relations of the Slavic world to the Romano-German world" in 1869.  Danilevsky compared the cultures and nations to biological species, denying their commonality, and arguing that each nation or civilization is united by language and culture, which cannot be passed on to any other nation.  Danilevsky distinguished four categories of historical-cultural activity: religious, political, sociopolitical, and cultural; these gave rise to ten historical-cultural types: Egyptian, Chinese, Assyro-Babylonian, Jewish, Greek, Roman, Muslim, Slavic, and Romano-German.  He then applied his teleological theory of evolution, stating that each type went through various predetermined stages of youth, adulthood, and old age, the last being the end of that type.  He characterised the Slavic type as being at the youth stage, and developed a socio-political plan for its development, involving unification of the Slavic world, its capital at Constantinople (now Istanbul), ruled by an Orthodox Emperor.  While other cultures degenerate in their blind struggle for existence, the Slavic world should be viewed as a Messiah among them.  In Danilevsky's view there is no genuine or absolute progress, however, as history is circular.  Aspects of Danilevsky's book prefigured some of the theories in Oswald Spengler's The Decline of the West.  They are mentioned in Arnold J. Toynbee's A Study of History.  It was praised by Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Leo Tolstoy.

1885 George F. Dillon was a 19th century Irish Catholic missionary. He became well known in 1884 about what he claimed to be a Masonic war against Christian civilization. Pope Leo XIII approved of the work and funded the publication of the Italian version.  He openly denounced the collaboration between the Bavarian Illuminati and the Freemasons, as well as the alleged collaboration between Lord Palmerston and the Carbonari.  He was also critical of the Alta Vendita document, Napoleon Bonaparte's supposed ties with the Masons, and the secretive character of the Fenian organization.  He is known to have worked as a Catholic missionary in the Australian bush where he founded a mission for the aboriginals at Burragorang, a place about 65 miles away from Sydney.  Works: 1870 Ireland: what she has done for religion and civilization; 1873 Sacred Heart of Jesus; 1884 Virgin Mother of Good Counsel: (at Genazzano); 1885 War of Anti-Christ with the Church and Christian Civilization.

1886         1886         1886         1886

1886 The Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions was founded to recruit college and university students in the US for missionary service abroad.  It also sought to publicize and encourage the missionary enterprise in general. It was dissolved itself in 1966.  By 1959 over twenty thousand student volunteers had gone to serve the Church overseas.  Many early SVM missionaries to areas with endemic tropical diseases left with their belongings packed in a coffin, aware that 80% of them would die within two years.

 Franz Liszt (from 1859 to 1865 officially Franz Ritter von Liszt) (October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886) was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist and teacher. He was also the father-in-law of Richard Wagner.  In 1865 he became an abbot in the Roman Catholic Church. He said- “The Jew continues to monopolize money, and he loosens or strangles the throat of the state with the loosening of strengthening of his purse strings…He has empowered himself with the engines of the press, which he uses to batter at the foundations of society.  He is at the bottom of…every enterprise that will demolish first of all thrones, afterwards the altar, afterwards civil law.”  “The day will come when all nations amidst which the Jews are dwelling will have to raise the question of their wholesale expulsion, a question which will be one of life or death, good health or chronic disease, peaceful existence or perpetual social fever.”  Die Israeliten  “The presence of the JEWS in the midst of the European nations is a cause of many evils and a serious danger.”

“The presence of the Jews in the midst of the European nations is a cause of many evils and a serious danger...  The Jew continues to monopolize money, and he frees or strangles the throat of the state with the loosening or tightening of his purse strings.  A veritable Pandora's box has been opened.  The small industries and trade of bygone times have been replaced by the vast dealings of the banks, by the monstrous commerce of Finance, where, with vertiginous rapidity, the Jew has become the autocrat-king and absolute lord.  He has invested himself fully with all the modern freedoms, the better to attack all Christian truths; he has empowered himself with the engines of the press, which he uses to batter at the foundations of society.  With the pretext of joining Christians in the secret societies, he has entered from the first into all the sects that work to undermine the established order.  He is at the bottom of every system, every enterprise that will help to demolish, first of all thrones, afterward the altar; or even better, first the religious law, afterward the civil law. It amuses him to see devoured by a whirlwind of doubt, by the abyss of revolution, all that is good and beautiful for Christian civilization.  They, the Jews, stand to lose nothing, even if they are robbed of a few millions or if they have a few of their palaces burned!  They chuckle at the idea that destroying the Rue Lafitte would mean the destruction of Paris.  Petroleum will be perfume to their beaks, dynamite a titillation like delicious music for their ears! And who can rob them of their Torah and Talmud?”

“They are found behind all social commotion, as they are at the bottom of all epidemics of immorality...  They sell surreptitiously the crowbars and the projectiles that destroy the foundation of faith and morals.  They know well that no society can resist the potent degenerative force of immorality administered in adequate doses, bringing the ennervation of complete intellectual abasement.  (Die Israëliten) Rue Lafitte (No. 21) is the address of Banque Rothschild, then as now one of the several headquarters of Jewish international finance.  In point of fact, however, something rather graphically opposite to destruction did happen there in the Red revolution of 1848, when the mob systematically looted and burned much of the rest of Paris, but left all palaces and banks of Rothschild and his cohorts miraculously untouched.  This probably had something to do with the fact that James Rothschild was the major financier of the Communists (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1941, article "Rothschild"). 

  1886 - **The Corporate Personhood debate refers to the controversy (primarily in the United States) over the question of what subset of rights afforded under the law to natural persons should also be afforded to corporations as legal persons.  In the United States, corporations were recognized as having rights to contract, and to have those contracts honored the same as contracts entered into by natural persons.  In Dartmouth College v. Woodward, corporations were recognized as persons for purposes of the 14th Amendment in an 1886 Supreme Court Case, Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad, 118 U.S. 394.  Some critics of corporate personhood, such as author Thom Hartmann in his book "Unequal Protection: The Rise of Corporate Dominance and the Theft of Human Rights," claim that this was an intentional misinterpretation of the case inserted into the Court record by reporter J.C. Bancroft Davis.  Bancroft Davis had previously served as president of Newburgh and New York Railway Co.  Corporations had historically been granted charters to perform for the public good, when against public good, their charters were yanked.

 Édouard Adolphe Drumont (5/3, 1844 – 2/5, 1917) was a French journalist and writer.  He founded the Antisemitic League of France in 1889.  Drumont's 1886 book La France Juive (Jewish France) described France as subjugated to the Jews in the political, economic, social, and cultural spheres and argued for their exclusion from society.  One of its major themes is that the Aryan race alone has "the notion of justice, the sentiment of good, the idea of liberty."  Drumont always highlighted this concept of the "Idealistic, chivalric, Christian Aryan versus the materialistic, sordid, corrupt, Talmudic Jew."  Later, as his experience and political thought deepened, Drumont realized that monarchism was defunct and that what was needed was a socialist "revision of the revolution."

Many books were written at this time telling of the Jewish Power in France: “The French Jews” by Edouard Drumont;  “The French Jews before Opinion” by Drumont;  “The Jew, Judaism and Christians: Judaization of Peoples” (1886) by Gougenot des Mousseaux ;  “The Jewish Question” (1886) by Jacques de Biez (1852-1915), journalist , historian and critic of French art.  Biez founded with Edward Drumont, the first ‘anti-Semitic’ League of France.  This preceded the ‘anti-Semitic’ League of France of Jules Guerin.  Jules Guerin (Jules-Napoleon) (Sep 14, 1860-Feb 12, 1910) was a French journalist and publisher of the weekly The anti-Jewish.  “The Jewish Financial Kings during Feudalist era” by Toussenel 1846-86;   “The Jews” by G de Pascal 1887. 

Edmond de Goncourt (May 26, 1822 – July 16, 1896), was a French writer, literary critic, art critic, book publisher and the founder of the Goncourt Academy.  His journal des Goncourts, 1888-1896 contains much material on humorous Jewish types seen in Paris.  It was Goncourt who launched Édouard Drumont’s anti-Jewish movement by cajoling a friend to publish a review of Drumont's first book, thus breaking an apparent 'silent treatment' campaign that somebody or other had decreed for it in the press.

      Jean-Louis Forain (10/23 1852 – 7/11 1931) was a French Impressionist painter, lithographer, watercolorist and etcher.  One of the world's great etchers, his cartoons and caricatures appeared frequently in the anti-Jewish publications of Édouard Drumont. At least one Jewish writer has commented that if Forain had paid less attention to the Jews, he would be ranked today as an artist on a level with Daumier or Doré, instead of being utterly ignored by the art establishment.(R. Byrnes,"Jean-Louis Forain.") He was a follower and protégé of Degas.

   Caran d'Ache (meaning pencil) (Emmanuel Poiré) (11/6 1858-2/26 1909) was a French satirist and political cartoonist, one of the brilliant cartoonists in the 'stable' of Édouard Drumont.  He is sometimes hailed as one of the precursors of comic strips.

Raphael Viau, a gifted journalist, he worked with Édouard Drumont on La Libre Parole in the 1890s when that newspaper was one of the 1909most widely read - and by its opponents, feared – in France. (Twenty Years of Anti-Semitism, 1889-1909)

Also “The Russian Jews” by Kalixt de Wolski 1887; “The Algerian Jews” by George Meynie 1887

Petrus Borel (6/26, 1809 – 7/14, 1859) was a French writer of the Romantic Movement.  He wrote of the Jews in France.

Jews owned over half of the value of France in the late 1800’s, 80 of 150 milliards of francs, they own the railways and canals, the stock exchange the corn market, the press.

 The Statue of Liberty is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, dedicated on October 28, 1886.  The statue, a gift to the US from the people of France, is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776.  A broken chain lies at her feet.  The statue has become an icon of freedom and of the United States.  Emma Lazarus (7/22, 1849 – 11/19, 1887) was an American Jewish poet born in New York City.  She is best known for "The New Colossus", a sonnet written in 1883; its lines appear on a bronze plaque in the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty placed in 1903.  She was a Communist organizer.  Because of the reactive Russian pogroms that followed Jewish violence in 1881, thousands of Ashkenazi Jews emigrated from the Russia to New York.  This led Lazarus to write articles on the subject as well as the poem for which she was most famous in her lifetime, "Song of a Semite" (1882).  Lazarus began at this point to advocate on behalf of indigent Jewish refugees.  She is also an important forerunner of the Zionist movement.  She argued for the creation of a Jewish homeland thirteen years before Theodor Herzl began to use the term Zionism.  The Jews had been called destitute, but no one was truly destitute who traveled to America except for the earlier indentured servants.  One of the requirements was to have nearly $100., the price of 1/3 an annual income.  These Jews were also aided by US Jewish money.  Eg. The Jews that migrated to the Gulf States had the equivalent of 3 years of annual income.  This was destitute?  Of course the standards of the Chosen People must be above the chattel.  Their sanitation was horrendous, but their wealth was hidden, until later ostentatiousness.

The New Colossus: Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,/With conquering limbs astride from land to land;/Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand/A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame/Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name/Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand/Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command/The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame./"Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she/With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,/The wretched refuse of your teeming shore./Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,/I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

 Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1/29, 1860 – 7/15, 1904) was a Russian short-story writer, playwright and physician, considered to be one of the greatest short-story writers in the history of world literature.  Not really considered an anti-Semite, one of his characters in “Mire” (1886?) said “but how I loathe that passion for gain in our Semitic blood.”  In his early play, Platonov, he shows the rich Vengerovich, Jewish owner of a chain of restaurants, who hires a criminal to cripple the title-figure, a schoolteacher who has offended the Jew: "I mean cripple, not kill. Cripple him! That is, give him such a beating that he'll remember it all his life... Break some bones, Disfigure his face. . ." Chekov's short stories, Rothschild's Violin and The Steppe, contain humorous caricatures of typical Jewish types of Russia.

 Ivan Sergeyevich Aksakov (10/8, 1823 – 2/8, 1886) was a Russian littérateur and notable Slavophile.  Aksakov promoted the ideas of Pan-Slavism.  He wrote "The Jewish Question, 1860-1886".  As a Pan-Slavic, he was opposed to all the foreign elements in the population of Russia-Germans, Poles, and, above all, Jews.  Though, at first, Aksakov showed some signs of a liberal attitude toward the Jews, he later regarded the persecutions as a just revenge for the privileges granted to the Jews.  In his articles of 1881-83 Aksakov defended those who were responsible for the pogroms and said that their feelings were natural, considering the oppression and economic exploitation exercised by the Jews against the Christians. In 1883 he published in"Rus" (No. 21) an article on the (The Jewish International, and the Struggle with Judaism in Europe), in which he accused the Alliance Israélite of being a secret organization of the whole Jewish world to obtain control of all governments.  He wrote often about the power of the Kahal.

 Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (1/28, 1853 – 8/13, 1900) was a Russian philosopher, theologian, poet, pamphleteer and literary critic, who played a significant role in the development of Russian philosophy and poetry.  In his teens Solovyov renounced Orthodox Christianity for nihilism, but later returned to Orthodoxy.  Solovyov was a confidant of Fyodor Dostoyevsky.  In opposition to Dostoyevsky's apparent views of the Roman Catholic church, Solovyov was sympathetic to Roman Catholic Christianity.  He favored the healing of the schism – (ecumenism, sobornost) – between the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches – eventually, "through an ethical and social standpoint," converting to Roman Catholicism.  Solovyov believed that his mission in life was to move people toward reconciliation or absolute unity or sobornost.

Konstantin E Istomin (pseudonym Stojanov, 1848-1914) took up in 1885 where Aksakov left off.  His views also were undoubtedly known to Soloviev.   Istomin felt that although the pogroms might have taken an unjustifiable form, they reflected a just awakening of the national consciousness and the Christian spirit against an alien faith.  In his view the Christians had risen against the cosmopolitan nationalism of Jews whose loyalty belonged not to the countries of residence, but to Judaism.  The Jewish nationalism was accused of being marked by egoism, materialism, and a spirit of pride, all of which helped to explain its hostility towards Christianity.  Like Aksakov, Istomin placed the principal blame on the Talmud.

Ernest Desjardins (Paris, July 26, 1814 to July 21, 1886) was a French historian.  "The Jews of Moldavia” –“These Jews do not wish either to work or to cultivate the soil. They will not assume any responsibility, they will not submit to law, to the regulations of hygiene, and they refuse to handle the plough, the pickaxe or the gun. In a word, they refuse to handle anything except money."

1887         1887         1887         1887

 Otto Bockel (7/2, 1859 -9/17, 1923) was a German librarian, folksong researcher and anti-Semitic politician.  He also used the pseudonym of Dr. Capistrano.  Bockel devoted himself to ethnographic studies, in particular the folk-song research and the rural culture of everyday life in Hessen.  It’s laced with agrarian romanticism and anti-Semitism, and glorification of the peasant-farmer life, like Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl, but also included anti-conservative and anti-authoritarian traits.  His anti-Semitic conspiracy theories descended from Alphonse de Toussenel and Edouard Drumont.

Otto Bockel was a fighter for the small farmer.  However, he saw not structural problems of agriculture in the looming industrial age (see above prices include the globalization of agricultural markets, outdated production methods, fragmentation of ownership, labor shortages), but saw the culprit in Jewish cattle dealers and lenders, which the peasants allegedly harmed by usury, their property foreclosed by the Jew for land speculation.   Boeckel’s book alleged that Jewish moneylenders were behind the high interest rates charged to farmers, the low prices for agricultural produce, and the high cost of farm equipment.  A spectacular lawsuit against Conrad Hedderich, who had murdered his Jewish creditors (but was acquitted for lack of evidence), motivated him to become politically active.  With his slogan "against Junker and Jews," in 1887 he was elected.  He promoted agricultural cooperatives, legal advice for indebted farmers, and organized "free of Jews' livestock.   In 1890 he founded the People's Anti-Semitic party, which was renamed in 1893 in German Reform Party.  The Nazis stylized him a pioneer of their thought.  Writings included: “The Jews - The Kings of our Time”, 1887;  “The Essence of the Jewish Question”, 1889;  1909 “The German Legend”;  1913 “Soul Country: Pictures from German Heroic Age”;  1917 “The German Folk Song”.

Nueva Germania (New Germania) is a district in Paraguay.  It was founded as a German colony on August 23, 1887 by Bernhard Förster, who was married to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, sister of the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.  Förster's idea was to create a model community in the New World.  In the town there are still many German remnants.  There is a museum that exhibits memories of the town's origin.  It was the declared dream of Förster to create an area of Germanic development, far from the influence of Jews, whom he reviled.  Dr. Josef Mengele spent some time in Nueva Germania while a fugitive after World War II.  Nueva Germania is now a quiet community of San Pedro dedicated to agriculture, specializing in the cultivation of yerba mate.

1887 Even though other European Jews had begun to start colonies earlier in the century, Baron Edmond de Rothschild became interested in funding Jewish colonies in Palestine.

The Jewish Counter-Renaissance Begins:

The Christian Gentile Renaissance and later Enlightenment was one of Optimism for the Betterment of Mankind.  The Intelligentsia began to dream, imagine and invent and plan for a Future world of Hope.  The Jews, the Satan (adversary) of Christianity, who imagine themselves to be the gods of this world to rule over the Gentiles, begin to foment their revolutions.  They stream out from the Asian steppes to join their co-religionists in the West.  In earlier decades of this 19^th century, through Christian Gentile naivety, the nations began to free the Jews from the necessary chains of their evil plans.  They begin by amassing Capital, then its accompanying political influence and finish through cultural domination.  From the heights of striving for Ideals, societies are led to degeneration.  Part of the plan of global domination is to create a psychotic hopelessness in the Gentiles to be saved only by their Jewish overlords.  And the Gentiles will stay hopeless bound by their chains as the animals these Racist Supremacists believe them to be.

 Third Wave of Jewish Emigration - Primarily composed of Eastern or Russian Jews, also Askenasic, but poorer and dirty.  The pejorative word "kike" from name ending ky from Slavic countries and “sheeny” from schien were even created by uptown New York Jews to describe the masses of Eastern European Jews coming to America in the late 1800s.

“How many Jews are in the United States?  No Gentile knows.  The figures are the exclusive property of the Jewish authorities... Immigration into the United States became a business - a strictly Jewish business...  For this reason: there are countries in Europe from which today no Gentile can be admitted to the United States.  From Germany, from Russia, from Poland, it is with the utmost difficulty that even one person can be won permission to enter this country.  But Jews from Poland, Germany, and Russia by the thousands come in most freely, in utter disregard of the laws, in open contempt of the health regulations - a strictly Jewish business of getting another million Jews into the United States.  It is like moving an army, which having done duty in Europe for the subjugation of that continent, is now being transferred to America.” - Henry Ford

Jews are also in two major divisions, the Eastern (Eurasian) and Western, the two mainstreams of Jewish thought.  The Eastern or Eurasian group embraces the Hasidic, traditionalist philosophy characterized by mysticism, religious fanaticism, extreme idealism, sacrifice and messianism, coupled with scorn for materialism, greed and rationalism.  This Oriental streak in the Jewish mentality welcomed the Bolshevik Revolution and communism.  The second mainstream of the Jewish psyche-the Western-as being essentially rationalistic and bourgeois, espousing Maimonides, the Talmudists, assimilation and the Rabbinate, while rejecting the cabalistic, mystical, exclusionist aspects of Eastern Jewry, together with its false Messiahs and misdirected messianism.  Foremost in opposition to the Hasidim, were the Mitnaggedim of the 18th and 19th century, who advocated an intellectual, legalistic approach to Judaism and 'strongly opposed the emotional, mystical leanings of the Hasidim.  Although not sharing the Eastern Jews frenzied support of the February Revolution, the Western Jews also supported it, seeing it as modern, progressive and rational.

The Yishuv is the term referring to the body of Jewish residents in Palestine, before the establishment of the State of Israel.  The term came into use in the 1880s, when there were about 25,000 Jews in Palestine, until 1948, when there were about 700,000 Jews.  The Old Yishuv refers to all the Jews living there before the aliyah (immigration wave) of 1882 by the Zionist movement. They were religious Jews.  The New Yishuv refers to those, who began in the 1860s until 1948.

Aliyah (ascent) is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael).  It is one of the most basic tenets of Zionist ideology.  The opposite action, emigration from Israel, is referred to as yerida ("descent").  The return to the Holy Land has been a Jewish aspiration since the Babylonian exile (about 600bc).  Large scale immigration to Eretz Israel and later Israel began in 1882.  Since the inception of the State of Israel in 1948, more than 3 million Jews from over 90 countries have arrived in Israel.

The First Aliyah (1882-1903) were Jews who came mostly from Eastern Europe and from Yemen.  An estimated 25,–35,000 Jews immigrated who were generally still religious.

****Jewish Pecking Order:

Zionist organizations are the main peddlers of the notion that there is an integrated monolith out there called "Jewry," aching to return to the tribal warren in Israel.  There is no such thing.  There is, however, a very ugly social scene in the Promised Land which is churning up a confrontation between the European and American Ashkenazim and the levantine, Mediterranean, latin and Arabic Sephardim.  Whereas dark Oriental Sephardim are the lowest of the low in Israel, the old-line Sephardim from Spain, Portugal and Holland are the very pinnacle of the Jewish elite in America and have a thinly disguised contempt for other Jews.  Sephardic Jews invented the term "sheeny," as reported by Stephen Birmingham in his book The Grandees: America's Sephardic Elite (p. 230).  Of late 18th century origin, it was intended as an epithet to describe relatively late-comer Jews from Germany, who often had names ending in "schine."

Jews of German origin look down on the Khazars from Poland and Russia, whom they categorize as "yids." These Eastern European Jews in turn resent the superiority pretensions of the Central Europeans, as the latter have resented the Sephardim after Birmingham wrote Our Crowd, memorializing the dominant Ashkenazim of finance, commerce and show business, he reported receiving aggrieved correspondence from American Sephardim who asserted, "We don't know these people, and frankly we didn't want to. We considered the German Jews pushy, aggressive, offensive."

An inkling of the smoldering bitterness of the Eastern European for the Central European Jew is provided by Meyer Levin in his book The Obsession (pp. 42-43), describing his involvement in the stage preparation of the Anne Frank "Diary" On the occasion of his first meeting with the diarist's father, Otto Frank, Levin wrote: “I recalled that Anne in the Diary had related how her father came from a wealthy family, and how they had lived in splendor in Frankfurt-am-Main before the Nazis came. Although Otto was entirely unpretentious, something of the aristocratic manner remained and, nasty as this seems, I must put down that even on that day there arose in me a faint doubt as to his view of me, a doubt that I at once suppressed with shame, as being due to my early Chicago prejudices against German Jews, who persisted in their superiority-attitude toward us Ost-Juden from Poland or Russia.  To this day I accuse myself of this counter-prejudice against German Jews, yet I cannot rid myself of the feeling that I am seen by them as a Yid.”

 In this Rosh Hashana greeting card from the early 1900s, Russian Jews, packs in hand, gaze at the American relatives beckoning them to the United States.  Over two million Jews left the Russian Empire for the US between 1881 and 1924.

****Three Sons of Israel -Now all three sons (in-laws) of Tevye of “Fiddler on the Roof” are represented: The one who goes to Palestine, the one to America and the one who stays in Russia.  Fiddler on the Roof is a book by Joseph Stein, set in Tsarist Russia in 1905.  It is based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Milkman) and other tales by Sholem Aleichem.  The story centers on Tevye, the father of five daughters, and his attempts to maintain his family and religious traditions while outside influences encroach upon their lives.  He must cope with both the strong-willed actions of his three older daughters—each one's choice of husband moves further away from the customs of her faith—and with the edict of the Tsar that evicts the Jews from their village.

 ****The Yiddish Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement which began among Jews in Eastern Europe during the latter part of the 19th Century.  Some of the leading founders of this movement were Mendele Moykher-Sforim (1836–1917), I.L. Peretz (1852–1915), and Sholem Aleichem (1859–1916).  Due in large part to the efforts of this movement, Yiddish became one of the great languages of the world, spoken by over 11,000,000 people.  As many Eastern European Jews began to emigrate to the United States, the movement became very active there, especially in New York City.  One aspect of this became known as Yiddish Theatre.

Yiddish theatre consists of plays written and performed primarily by Jews in Yiddish, the language of the Central European Ashkenazi Jewish community.  The range of Yiddish theatre is broad: operetta, musical comedy, and satiric or nostalgic revues; melodrama; naturalist drama; expressionist and modernist plays.  At its height, its geographical scope was comparably broad: from the late 19th century until just before World War II, professional Yiddish theatre could be found throughout the heavily Jewish areas of Eastern and East Central Europe, but also in Berlin, London, Paris, and, perhaps above all, New York City.  Yiddish theatre's roots include the often satiric plays traditionally performed during religious holiday of Purim (known as Purimspiels); other masquerades such as the Dance of Death; the singing of cantors in the synagogues; Jewish secular song and dramatic improvisation; exposure to the theater traditions of various European countries, and the Jewish literary culture that had grown in the wake of the Jewish enlightenment (Haskalah).

 Tin Pan Alley is the name given to the collection of New York City-centered music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century.  The start of Tin Pan Alley is usually dated to about 1885, when a number of music publishers set up shop in the same district of Manhattan. The end of Tin Pan Alley is less clear cut. Some date it to the start of the Great Depression in the 1930s when the phonograph and radio supplanted sheet music as the driving force of American popular music, while others consider Tin Pan Alley to have continued into the 1950s when earlier styles of American popular music were upstaged by the rise of rock & roll.  The Music industry, as an entertainment medium, in the U.S. is dominated by Jews with their tribal mentality of helping their relations to the detriment of Gentiles.

 Borscht Circuit, Borscht Belt, or Jewish Alps, is a colloquial term for the mostly defunct summer resorts of the Catskill Mountains in parts of Sullivan, Orange and Ulster counties in upstate New York that were a popular vacation spot for New York City Jews from the 1920s through the 1960s. Comedians who got their start or regularly performed in Borscht Belt resorts include: Joey Adams, Marty Allen, Woody Allen, Morey Amsterdam, Bea Arthur, Benny Bell, Jack Benny, Gertrude Berg, Milton Berle, Shelley Berman, Al Bernie, Joey Bishop, Mel Blanc, Fanny Brice, Mel Brooks, Lenny Bruce, George Burns and Gracie Allen, Pesach Burstein, Red Buttons, Sid Caesar, Eddie Cantor, Jean Carroll, Jack Carter, Myron Cohen, Bill Dana, Rodney Dangerfield, Phyllis Diller, Totie Fields, Fyvush Finkel, Betty Garrett, Estelle Getty, Jack Gilford, George Gobel, Shecky Greene, Buddy Hackett, Mickey Katz, Jay Jason, George Jessel, Danny Kaye, Alan King, Robert Klein, Harvey Korman, Mal Z. Lawrence, Jack E. Leonard, Sam Levenson, Jerry Lewis, Charlie Manna, Chico and Harpo Marx, Jackie Mason, Lou Menchell, Gary Morton, Zero Mostel, Jan Murray, Molly Picon, Charlotte Rae, Carl Reiner, The Revuers (Judy Holliday, Betty Comden, Adolph Green, Alvin Hammer and John Frank), Don Rickles, Joan Rivers, Freddie Roman, Benny Rubin, Rowan & Martin, Mort Sahl, Soupy Sales, Dick Shawn, Allan Sherman, Phil Silvers, Renee Taylor, The Three Stooges, Jackie Vernon, Jackie Wakefield, Bert Wheeler,  Jonathan Winters, Henny Youngman

Borscht Belt humor refers to the rapid-fire, often self-deprecating style common to many of these performers and writers. Typical themes include: Bad luck, Puns, Physical complaints and ailments, Aggravating relatives and nagging wives.

Also seen regularly at these Catskills resorts were a large number of singers, dancers, musicians, and other variety acts including: Mimi Benzell, Kitty Carlisle, The Big Three, Benny Fields and Blossom Seeley, Eddie Fisher, Libby Holman, Benny Goodman, Lesley Gore, Joel Grey, Al Jolson, Carole King, Abbe Lane, Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gormé, Oscar Levant, Shari Lewis, Tina Louise, Tony Martin, Mitch Miller, Mae Questel, David Rose, Maxie Rosenbloom, Lillian Roth, Neil Sedaka, Dinah Shore, Barbra Streisand, Mel Tormé, Sophie Tucker, Bobby Van, Beryl Wallace, Walter Winchell

  Vaudeville was a theatrical genre of variety entertainment in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s.  Each performance was made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill.  Types of acts included popular and classical musicians, dancers, comedians, trained animals, magicians, female and male impersonators, acrobats, illustrated songs, jugglers, one-act plays or scenes from plays, athletes, lecturing celebrities, minstrels, and movies.  Vaudeville developed from many sources, including the concert saloon, minstrelsy, freak shows, dime museums, and literary burlesque.  Called "the heart of American show business," vaudeville was one of the most popular types of entertainment in North America for several decades.

Jewish Humor: From 1661, The "Elders of the Four Councils" declared there would be no more merrymaking.  The one form of "humor" they opted to spare was the "badhkin" -- something of a caustic, malevolent jester who peppered the victims of his humor with unspeakable insults.  By decree, the only type of Jewish humor deemed acceptable in Eastern Europe was coarse, scatological, insulting fare.  While the aggression of Jewish humor wasn't widely appreciated back in the old country, it built Hollywood.  A 1978 compendium pegged 82 percent of the nation's top 400 comic performers as being Jewish.  These days, he notes, the percentage may even be higher.  "My father grew up in a shtetl, and he remembers the badhkin in his village," says Gordon. The so-called comedian was "a drunk, one-eyed guy living in the cemetery, who would come out on Purim and at weddings and tell really dirty jokes, usually about big tuchases, drooping breasts, or tiny penises."  (see 2011 Jewish Humor)

Burlesque: 12/24, 2007 “The Jewish Forward”  “Jewish burlesque seems, in a way, only natural.  Sex and humor are inextricably bound in Jewish culture; potty-mouthed, voluptuous women are celebrated.  The burlesque tradition took root in the Yiddish theater nearly a century ago when Jewish thespians, not content to be restrained by a single medium, decided that their plays would include a bit of everything: song and dance, sentimentality and comedy, romance and raunchiness….”

  

Charles Eliot Norton, (11/16, 1827 – 10/21, 1908) was a leading American author, social critic, and professor of art. He was a militant idealist, a progressive social reformer, and a liberal activist whom many of his contemporaries considered the most cultivated man in the United States.  He wrote to James Russell Lowell complaining that Jewish students then beginning to enter Harvard University in large numbers would "keep the Christian youths away." (Letter of 10/17, 1887) Norton described the then famous Jewish actress, Rachel, as "Jewier than ever & tried to skin a flint in Boston." (W. Story, in a letter to Lowell, 12/30, 1895.)

Ferdinand Tönnies (7/26, 1855 – 4/9, 1936) was a German sociologist, best known for his distinction between two types of social groups, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (1887).  He was also a prolific writer and co-founder of the German Society for Sociology (of which he was president from 1909 to 1933, when he was ousted by the Nazis).   Tönnies was born into a wealthy farmer's family and published over 900 works and contributed to many areas of sociology and philosophy.  Gemeinschaft (community) is based on feelings of togetherness.  Gesellschaft (society) is based on being instrumental for their members' individual aims and goals.  The equilibrium in Gemeinschaft is achieved through morals, conformism, and exclusion - social control - while Gesellschaft keeps its equilibrium through police, laws, tribunals and prisons.  Amish, Hassidic communities are examples of Gemeinschaft, while states are types of Gesellschaft.  Rules in Gemeinschaft are implicit, while Gesellschaft has explicit rules (written laws).

1888         1888         1888         1888

The nonagenarian German Emperor dies and his older ailing son the Crown Prince Frederick reigns for 99 days before he dies.  Frederick’s eldest son Wilhelm II become Emperor or Kaiser.  Frederick had married Queen Victoria’s daughter 30 years earlier.  If he had survived longer, the hot tempers which produced World War I may not have existed.

1888- Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow (10/13, 1821 – 9/5, 1902) was a German doctor, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician, known for his advancement of public health.  Referred to as "the father of modern pathology," he is considered one of the founders of social medicine.  Virchow also founded two anthropological societies and accompanied Heinrich Schliemann to Troy (1879) and Egypt (1888).  Virchow famously delivered an anti-Darwinian lecture on human and primate skulls, in which he emphasized the lack of fossil evidence for a common ancestor of man and ape.

 Paul Isaac Hershon (1817 - 1888), a Spanish Jew who converted to Christianity  “To the orthodox Jew the Talmud is like the encircling ocean — inserts itself into and makes itself felt in every nook and corner of his existence, like an atmosphere encompasses the whole round of his being, penetrates into all centres of vitality, presses with incumbent weight upon every class irrespective of age or sex or rank, is all-inspiring, all-including, and all-controlling, covers in the regard of the illuminated the whole field of life, and with its principles affects, or ought to affect, every thought and every action of every member of the Jewish state."

Martha Beatrice Webb, Lady Passfield (née Potter; 1/22 1858 – 4/30 1943) was an English sociologist, economist, socialist and social reformer.  Although her husband became Baron Passfield in 1929, she refused to be known as Lady Passfield.  She coined the term collective bargaining.   Along with her husband Sidney Webb and numerous others, she co-founded the London School of Economics and Political Science and played a crucial role in the forming of the Fabian Society.  Miss Potter (later, Mrs. Sidney Webb) wrote a forceful series of articles on Jewish oppression of English needle-trades workers in clothing sweatshops (Nineteenth Century magazine, 1888).   "The art of the English tailor has been exchanged for the perfect mechanism of Jewish organization."  Later in life, of course, the Webbs became voluble apologists for Jewish Bolshevism.  "The love of profit distinct from other forms of money earning" is "the strongest impelling motive of the Jewish race" (Beatrice Potter, Nineteenth Century, vol XXIV).

 1888 “The Antichrist” by Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 – August 25, 1900) was a German philosopher and classical philologist.  He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, using a distinctive German-language style and displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.  Nietzsche's influence remains substantial within and beyond philosophy, notably in existentialism and postmodernism.  His style and radical questioning of the value and objectivity of truth have resulted in much commentary and interpretation, mostly in the continental tradition.  His key ideas include the interpretation of tragedy as an affirmation of life, an eternal recurrence (which numerous commentators have re-interpreted), a rejection of Platonism and a repudiation of both Christianity and egalitarianism (especially in the form of democracy and socialism).   Nietzsche began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy.  At the age of 24 he was appointed to the Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel (the youngest individual to have held this position), but resigned in 1879 because of health problems, which would plague him for most of his life.  In 1889 he exhibited symptoms of insanity, living out his remaining years in the care of his mother and sister until his death in 1900.  [Author of this timeline, does not view Nietzsche as against Christianity, only the Church.  Submission to Priests or other Authorities must be balanced with each man striving for personal supremacy.  Also Judeo-Christianity has weakened Gentile Society and made it vulnerable to Jewish wiles.  The term itself was not being popularized until the 1930’s, but philo-Semitism began with the Protestant identification with Israel.]

“Those who have never lived amongst or come into regular contact with the Jews in the mass can hardly realize how completely the Jewish differs in its essence from the Gentile world, and how acute the issues with which the Jewish problem confronts modern civilization.   One of the spectacles which the next century (the 20th) will invite us to witness is the decision regarding the fate of the Jews. - It is quite obvious now that they have cast their die and crossed the Rubicon; the only thing that remains for them is either to become masters of Europe, or to lose Europe, as they once centuries ago lost Egypt, where they were confronted by similar alternatives... Europe may some day fall into their hands like ripe fruit, if they do not clutch it too eagerly.”  Nietzsche(?)

Nietzscheist Jews: Nietzscheism was in the air in 1897, when a circle of young Hebrew writers rallied around Micha Josef Berdichewsky (later Bin-Gorion), 1865-1921 , a Ukrainian Jew descended from Hasidic rabbis, who had taken up studies in Germany. He launched his appeal for a Jewish "superman".

“The Original Mr. Jacobs or, an Account of the Life, Customs and Habits of the Jews” Printed 1888; Minerva Publishing Co.; Press of J.J. Little & Co.; Astor Place, New York  An adaptation of La France Juive of Edward Drumont,  Drumont's 1886 book La France Juive (Jewish France) attacked the role of Jews in France and argued for their exclusion from society.

  **** Jews and Sex - When Baudelaire writes a poem about a Parisian prostitute with whom he had just spent the night, he refers to her simply as a “Jewess”.  That was enough to identify her as a prostitute.  When Keats refers to Jewish prostitutes in an unpublished poetic fragment quoted in a private letter (1819), he doesn’t call them “prostitutes”.  He just calls them “Jewesses”.   Keats refers to the typical Jewess with her "curly" ringlets. The tinkling ankle bells he mentions were often worn in past eras by prostitutes to signal their approach.  Ever since Ancient India, such bells have been prostitute accessories.   Odessa, the capital of Ukraine, was famous for its sumptuous brothels, all supervised by Jewish madams who had formerly been prostitutes, themselves.  As for the girls working in those brothels, they were predominantly Jewish.  Valued for their seductive charms, these joygirls were referred to simply as "Jewesses."

By the 1860s a French visitor to Odessa wrote that Jews there were responsible for a white slavery market in Russian women to Turkey.  This is feasible, especially since we know that Jewish brothel-keepers were already in place at the other end in Constantinople.  The 1889 census shows that Jewish women ran 30 of 36 licensed brothels in Kherson province, where Odessa was located.  22% of the girls were Jews where only 4% of the population was Jewish.   Jewish prostitution flourished throughout the Austro-Hungarian Empire.  Jewish procuresses ran the brothels, luring both Christian and Jewish girls into a life of prostitution.  Vast numbers of innocent Jewish girls were tricked into a life of prostitution by their fellow Jews.   No class of men appears to be quite as sex-obsessed as the Orthodox Jews and the rabbinate.  The Talmud speaks of breasts and penises, prostitutes and semen.  It even discusses and compares the penis size of its most venerated sages. 

According to a CNN report in 1998, Israel now has the highest per capita consumption of prostitute services in the world.  One million visits are paid to prostitutes each month, making brothel hopping one of the nation’s most popular pastimes.  Thousands of women are abducted annually — mostly from Russia, Ukraine, Moldavia, Uzbekistan and China —  and sold into sex slavery in Israel.

7/21, 1888.   Breslau, Germany. Jewish Ritual attempted Murder. – a 8 year old boy murdered by Max Bernstein, aged 24, a pupil at the Talmudic College.  The Jew collected the blood that came from the cuts on a piece of blotting-paper.  When the boy was naturally frightened, the Jew told him there was no need for fear as he only wanted a little blood.  The boy went home and said nothing about the matter; but his father, seeing the scars, questioned him and the truth came out.  Bernstein was arrested.  The Court, refused to recognize this as ritual, but sentenced Bernstein to three months' imprisonment for having made incisions in the body of the child.

Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (4/21, 1828 – 3/5, 1893) was a French critic and historian.  Taine is particularly remembered for his three-pronged approach to the contextual study of a work of art, based on the aspects of what he called "race, milieu, and moment", roughly, "nation", "environment" or "situation", and "time".

"Jack the Ripper" is the best-known name given to an unidentified serial killer who was active in the largely impoverished areas in and around the Whitechapel district of London in 1888.  From 1882, Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe and Tsarist Russia moved into the area.   “The Juwes are the men that will not be blamed for nothing.”

Patrick Lafcadio Hearn (6/27 1850 – 9/26 1904), known also by the Japanese name Koizumi Yakumo was an international writer, known best for his books about Japan, especially his collections of Japanese legends and ghost stories.  “... Anywhere to escape from the shadow of the Jew.  But the shadow pursueth me evermore.” (E. Tinker, Lafcadio Hearn's American Days, after 1888?)

Telemachus (Telemaque) Thomas Timayenis Ph.D. often T. T. Timayenis (1853-1918) was a Greek-American professor, novelist, playwright and one of the first published opponents of Jewish supremacism in the United States.  Timayenis was also one of the first to formulate a discourse on the Jewish Question along racial lines in the United States, rather than considerations of religious doctrine. In 1888 he left his academic work and established Minerva Publishing Company in New York. Minerva Publishing was the first company in American to publish books critical of Jews.  Timayenis authored three book on the Jews: The Original Mr. Jacobs: A Startling Exposé, ‎The American Jew: An Expose of His Career‎, and Judas Iscariot: An Old Type in a New Form.  He wrote the once popular study, The Original Mr. Jacobs, which was closely patterned upon La France Juive by Édouard Drumont.  In “The American Jew: An Expose of His Career” (1888): "The Jew is in all ages the same; groveling, greedy grasping, in pursuit of gold; tyrannous and insolent in possession; conscious of the scorn with which he is regarded by a loftier race; craving to repay it with a bitter lust for vengeance; and striving with a patient persistence, worthy of a nobler cause, for the wealth which will enable him to demonstrate his superiority, by placing his foot upon the necks of the hated Aryan."

****The Jew in popular folklore:  "A real Jew will never pause to eat till he has cheated you. (Serbian); "The Jew cheats even when praying." (Czech); "A real Jew will get gold out of straw." (Spanish); "So many Jews, so many thieves."  (German); "A bankrupt Jew searches his own accounts." (Greek); "Bargain like a Jew but pay like a Christian." (Polish); "A Jewish miser will reject nothing more than having to part with his foreskin." (Russian); "A Jewish oath, a clear night, and women's tears are not worth a mite. (Venetian); "A Jew, if he cheats a Moslem, is happy that day." (Moroccan); "Mammon [money] is the God of the Jews." (Hungarian)          

The African-American community also had several humorous tales about a 'Colored Man, a Jew and a White Man' in which the Jew is distinguished from other Caucasians.  The main thrust of almost all of these jokes is the compulsive Jewish concern for wealth." (Dinnerstein, 1998)

Even Jewish folklore speaks of itself: "A Jew at a fair is like a fish in water." (Yiddish); "The Jew loves commerce." (Yiddish); "A Jew and a wolf are never idle." (Yiddish); "The Jew likes to poke his nose everywhere." (Yiddish); "Better in the hands of a Gentile than the mouth of a Jew." (Yiddish); "When the Pole thinks, he seizes his moustache, when the Russian thinks, he takes hold of his forelocks, and when the Jew thinks, he holds his hands behind."(Yiddish)          and    "One need never suspect a Jew -- he surely is a thief."; "It's good to do business with a thief.”; "If you steal -- you'll have."; "What is smaller than a mouse may be carried from a house."; "Petty thieves are hanged, major thieves are pardoned."; "A thief gives handsome presents."; "Before a thief goes stealing, he also prays to God."; "Better with a hometown thief than a strange rabbi."; "Thieve and rob if you must but be honorable."; "God protect us from Gentile hands and Jewish tongues."; "Live among Jews, do business among the Goyim."; "If you steal enough eggs, you can also become rich."; "A fool gives and a clever person takes."; "Always take -- if you give me, I'll go away, if not, I'll stay."; "Always take!"; "The goy is treyf [forbidden] but his money is kosher [acceptable]."; "Offer a Jew a ride and he throws you out of your own wagon."; "A sense of justice we want others to have."; "Money rules the world."; "Money is the best soap -- it removes the greatest stain.; "Gold shines out of the mud."; "Gold has a dirty origin but is nevertheless treated with honor.; "The world stands on three things: on money, on money, and money."  Jewish psychoanalyst Theodore Reik, in Jewish Wit (his volume about the subliminal psychological meanings of Jewish humor) notes: "All kinds of deception and cunning, of fraud and trickery, devised and committed by Jews, either to get money or to avoid paying money, are exposed and candidly revealed by Jewish jokes."

James Bryce (5/10 1838 – 1/22 1922) was a British academic, jurist, historian and Liberal politician.  In 1888 he wrote “The American Commonwealth”.  The book thoroughly examined the institutions of the United States from the point of view of a historian and constitutional lawyer, and it at once became a classic. In developing material for his book, Bryce painstakingly reproduced the travels of Alexis de Tocqueville, writer of Democracy in America. Although Tocqueville emphasized the egalitarian nature of early 19th century America, Bryce was dismayed to find vast inequality a half-century later, stating "Sixty years ago, there were no great fortunes in America, few large fortunes, no poverty. Now there is some poverty...and a greater number of gigantic fortunes than in any other country of the world" and "As respects education...the profusion of…elementary schools tends to raise the mass to a higher point than in Europe...[but] there is an increasing class that has studied at the best universities. It appears that equality has diminished [in this regard] and will diminish further."

 John William Waterhouse (4/6, 1849; 2/10, 1917) was an English painter known for working in the Pre-Raphaelite style.  His artworks were known for their depictions of women from both ancient Greek mythology and Arthurian legend.  Pictured is “The Lady of Shalott”, 1888.

1889         1889         1889         1889